Uncle Vanya is a tragicomedy by the Russian playwright Anton Chekhov published in 1899. Its first major performance was in 1900 under the direction of Konstantin Stanislavski.
Uncle Vanya is unique among Chekhov's major plays because it is essentially an extensive reworking of a play published a decade earlier, The Wood Demon. By elucidating the specific revisions Chekhov made during the revision process, including reducing the cast-list from almost two-dozen down to a lean nine, changing the climactic suicide of the The Wood Demon into the famous failed homicide of Uncle Vanya, and altering the original happy ending into a more problematic, less final resolution, critics such as Donald Rayfield, Richard Gilman, and Eric Bentley have sought to chart the development of Chekhov's dramaturgical method through the 1890s.
Uncle Vanya was published in 1899, but it is difficult to determine when the work was originally finished, or when the revision process took place. Rayfield cites recent scholarship suggesting Chekhov revisited The Wood Demon during his trip to the island of Sakhalin, a prison colony in Eastern Russia, in 1891.

Themes
Several well-known film versions of Uncle Vanya exist.
Actors who have appeared in notable stage productions of Uncle Vanya include Constantin Stanislavsky, Olga Knipper, Anthony Sher, Ian McKellen, William Hurt, George C. Scott and Trevor Eve.

Dyadya Vanya, an exceptional Russian film version, adapted and directed by Andrei Mikhalkov-Konchalovsky in 1972
A film version of the star-studded 1963 Chichester Festival stage production, directed for the stage and starring Sir Laurence Olivier ("The finest Uncle Vanya we shall ever see in English," according to one critic.)
Country Life, an Australian adaptation, stars Sam Neill as the country doctor.
Sir Anthony Hopkins directed and starred in August, an English film adaptation.
A 1994 American film version, adapted by David Mamet and directed by Louis Malle, was titled Vanya on 42nd Street. It stars Wallace Shawn and Julianne Moore. This version was originally a little-known studio production, and was later adapted for the screen, where it garnered wider acclaim.