Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu (ca. 1638 – March 9, 1709), English diplomatist, was the second son of Edward Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu of Boughton (1616–1684) and Anne Winwood. The peerage of his father was one of several granted in the seventeenth century to different members of the Montagu family.
Sir Edward Montagu, Chief Justice of the King's Bench in the time of Henry VIII, was grandfather of the 1st Earl of Manchester, and of the 1st Baron Montagu of Boughton (1562–1644), who was imprisoned in the Tower by the Parliament on account of his loyalty to Charles I. The eldest son of the latter, Edward, who succeeded him as the 2nd Baron, took the side of the Parliament in the Civil War, and was one of the lords who conducted the king from Newark-on-Trent to Holmby House after his surrender by the Scots in January 1647.
He had two sons, of whom Ralph was the younger. The eldest son, Edward, was Master of the Horse to Queen Catherine, wife of Charles II, a post from which he is said to have been dismissed by the king for 'showing attention to the queen of too ardent a nature'. Catherine immediately appointed the younger brother, Ralph, to the vacant situation, and the latter soon acquired a reputation for gallantry at the court of Charles II. He took an active part in the negotiations in which Louis XIV purchased the neutrality of England in the war between France and the Netherlands.
Having quarrelled with Danby and the Duchess of Cleveland, who denounced him to the king, Montagu was elected member of Parliament for Northampton in 1678, with the intention of bringing about the fall of Danby; but, having produced letters seriously compromising the minister, the dissolution of Parliament placed him in such danger of arrest that he attempted to fly to France. Foiled in this design, he continued to intrigue against the government, supporting the movement for excluding the Duke of York from the succession and for recognizing the Duke of Monmouth as heir to the crown. His elder brother having predeceased his father, Ralph became Baron Montagu of Boughton on the death of the latter in 1684.
Notwithstanding his former intrigues he gained the favour of James II on his accession to the throne; but this did not deter him from welcoming William of Orange, who created him Viscount Monthermer and Earl of Montagu in 1689. Montagu was no less avaricious than unscrupulous. In 1673 he had married the wealthy widow of the 11th Earl of Northumberland, Elizabeth Wriothesley, daughter of the 4th Earl of Southampton, who brought him a large fortune; and after her death in 1690 he married the still more wealthy Elizabeth Monck, daughter of the 2nd Duke of Newcastle, and widow of the 2nd Duke of Albemarle.
Montagu's position was further strengthened in 1705 by the marriage of his son and heir to Mary, daughter of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough. In the same year he was created Duke of Montagu and Marquess of Monthermer. His London residence, Montagu House, Bloomsbury, was bought by the government in 1753 to hold the national collection of antiquities, and on its site was built the British Museum.
See Abel Boyer, History of the Reign of Queen Anne, vol. viii. (11 vols., London, 1703-1713); Sir JB Burke, Genealogical History of Dormant (etc.) Peerages (London, 1883).

Children
Montagu and his first wife Elizabeth Wriothesley were parents to two children:
Montagu and his second wife Elizabeth Monck, Duchess of Albemarle had no known children.

John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu (c. 1690 – 5 July 1749).
Anne Montagu. Married Alexander Popham.