Events

1032 - Emperor Yingzong of China (d. 1067)
1222 - Nichiren Daishonin, Japanese founder of Nichiren Buddhism (d. 1282)
1497 - Philipp Melanchthon, German humanist and reformer (d. 1560)
1519 - Gaspard de Coligny, French Huguenot leader (d. 1572)
1543 - Kano Eitoku, Japanese painter (d. 1590)
1620 - Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg, Duke of Prussia (d. 1688)
1643 - John Sharp, English Archbishop of York (d. 1714)
1698 - Pierre Bouguer, French mathematician (d. 1758)
1710 - King Louis XV of France (d. 1774)
1727 - Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, Austrian scientist (d. 1817)
1761 - Charles Pichegru, French general (d. 1804)
1802 - Phineas Parkhurst Quimby, American philosopher (d. 1866)
1804 - Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold, German physiologist (d. 1885)
1812 - Henry Wilson, 18th Vice President of US (d. 1875)
1821 - Heinrich Barth, German explorer (d. 1865)
1822 - Sir Francis Galton, English explorer and biologist (d. 1911)
1824 - Peter Kozler, Slovenian cartographer and geographer (d. 1879)
1826 - Julia Grant, First Lady of the United States (d. 1902)
1826 - Joseph Victor von Scheffel, German poet (d. 1886)
1831 - Nikolai Leskov, Russian writer (d. 1895)
1834 - Ernst Haeckel, German zoologist and philosopher (d. 1919)
1838 - Henry Adams, American historian and novelist (d. 1918)
1847 - Philipp Scharwenka, Polish-German composer (d. 1917)
1848 - Hugo de Vries, Dutch botanist (d. 1935)
1856 - Rudolph Karstadt, German entrepreneur (d. 1944)
1856 - Willem Kes, Dutch conductor (d. 1934)
1866 - Billy Hamilton (baseball player), MLB Hall of Fame Outfielder (d. 1940)
1866 - Vyacheslav Ivanov, Russian poet (d. 1949)
1876 - George Macaulay Trevelyan, English historian (d. 1962)
1883 - Elizabeth Craig, British writer (d. 1980)
1884 - Robert J. Flaherty, American filmmaker (d. 1951)
1886 - Van Wyck Brooks, American historian and critic (d. 1963)
1887 - Kathleen Clifford, American actress (d. 1962)
1898 - Katharine Cornell, American actress (d. 1974)
1891 - Hans F.K. Günther, German eugenicist (d. 1967)
1901 - Vincent Coleman, American actor (d. 1971)
1901 - Chester Morris, American film actor (d. 1970)
1903 - Edgar Bergen, American ventriloquist (d. 1978)
1903 - George-Henri Lévesque, Quebec priest and sociologist (d. 2000)
1904 - George F. Kennan, American historian, diplomat and political policy-maker (d. 2005)
1909 - Hugh Beaumont, American actor (d. 1982)
1909 - Jeffrey Lynn, American actor (d. 1995)
1909 - Richard McDonald, American fast food pioneer (d. 1998)
1915 - Jim O'Hora, American college football coach (d. 2005)
1915 - Michael Relph, British film producer and director (d. 2004)
1916 - Bill Doggett, American jazz and rhythm and blues pianist and organist (d. 1996)
1918 - Patty Andrews, American singer
1921 - Jean Behra, French Formula One driver (d. 1959)
1921 - Araucaria, British crossword compiler
1921 - Vera-Ellen, American actress (d. 1981)
1925 - Carlos Paredes, Portuguese guitar master (d. 2004)
1926 - John Schlesinger, English film director (d. 2003)
1927 - June Brown, British actress
1929 - Gerhard Hanappi, Austrian footballer (d. 1980)
1931 - Ken Takakura, Japanese actor
1932 - Gretchen Wyler, American actress and dancer
1932 - Otis Blackwell, American songwriter and singer (d. 2002)
1932 - Harry Goz, American actor (d. 2003)
1932 - Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, President of Sierra Leone
1934 - Herbie & Harold Kalin, American singers (d. 2005-Harold / 2006-Herbie)
1934 - Marlene Hagge, American professional golfer
1935 - Sonny Bono, American entertainer (d. 1998)
1936 - Jill Kinmont, American skier
1937 - Yuri Manin, Russian mathematician
1938 - John Corigliano, American composer
1938 - Barry Primus, American actor
1942 - Kim Jong-il, North Korean leader
1943 - Brig Owens, American football player
1944 - Richard Ford, American novelist
1945 - Jeremy Bulloch, English actor
1945 - Frank Welker, American voice actor
1950 - Peter Hain, British politician
1950 - Kazuki Tomokawa, Japanese acid-folk singer
1950 - Roman Tam, Hong Kong famous singer (d. 2002)
1951 - William Katt, American actor
1952 - Barry Foote, Major League Baseball player
1953 - George Martin, American footballer
1953 - Lanny McDonald, Canadian ice hockey player
1953 - Roberta Williams, computer game designer
1954 - Michael Holding, West Indian fast bowler cricket
1954 - Iain Banks, Scottish author
1954 - Margaux Hemingway, American actress and model (d. 1996)
1955 - Hunt Block, American actor
1956 - James Ingram, American singer
1957 - LeVar Burton, American actor
1958 - Ice-T, American rapper, songwriter, and actor
1958 - Lisa Loring, American actress
1958 - Oscar Schmidt, Brazilian basketball player
1958 - Michael W. Burns, American politician
1958 - F.J. Dare, American author
1959 - John McEnroe, American tennis player
1959 - Kelly Tripucka, American basketball player
1960 - Pete Willis, English guitarist (Def Leppard)
1960 - Cherie Chung, Hong Kong actress
1961 - Andy Taylor, English musician (Duran Duran)
1963 - Dave Lombardo, Cuban drummer (Slayer)
1963 - Dano Halsall, Swiss swimmer
1964 - Bebeto, Brazilian footballer
1964 - Christopher Eccleston, English actor
1967 - John Valentin, baseball player
1967 - Keith Gretzky, former hockey player; brother of Wayne Gretzky
1968 - Warren Ellis, British comic book writer
1969 - David Heath, American professional wrestler better known as Gangrel
1970 - D.J. Wallis, American fitness competitor
1970 - Serdar Ortac, Turkish popstar
1970 - Angelo Peruzzi, Italian footballer
1971 - Amanda Holden, British Actress
1972 - Jerome Bettis, American football player
1973 - Cathy Freeman, Australian athlete
1973 - Nikos Kostakis, Greek footballer
1974 - Fanis Katergiannakis, Greek footballer
1974 - Johnny Tri Nguyen, Vietnamese American stuntman and martial arts actor
1975 - Nanase Aikawa, Japanese singer
1975 - Vanina Ickx, Belgian racing driver
1976 - Eric Byrnes, American baseball player
1976 - Kyo, Japanese singer (Dir en grey)
1977 - Ian Clarke, Irish computer programmer
1977 - Ahman Green, American football player
1978 - John Tartaglia, Broadway actor and Muppeteer
1979 - Eric Mun, Korean rapper (Shinhwa)
1979 - Valentino Rossi, Italian motorcycle racer
1980 - Ashley Lelie, American football player
1981 - Jay Howard, British racing driver
1981 - Jerry Owens, American baseball player
1981 - Qyntel Woods, American basketball player
1982 - Wasalu Muhammad Jaco, American rapper
1985 - Zoi Dimoschaki, Greek swimmer
1988 - Denilson Neves, Brazilian footballer Births

1247 - Heinrich Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia (b. 1204)
1279 - King Afonso III of Portugal (b. 1210)
1391 - John V Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1332)
1531 - Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1452)
1560 - Jean du Bellay, French Catholic cardinal and diplomat
1710 - Esprit Fléchier, French writer and Bishop of Nîmes (b. 1632)
1721 - James Craggs the Younger, English politician (b. 1686)
1754 - Richard Mead, English physician (b. 1673)
1844 - Joseph Crosfield, English soap and alkali manufacturer (b. 1792)
1898 - Thomas Bracken, New Zealand poet (b. 1843)
1899 - Félix Faure, President of France (b. 1841)
1907 - Giosuè Carducci, Italian writer, Nobel Prize Laureate (b. 1835)
1912 - St. Nikolai of Japan, Eastern Orthodox priest (b. 1836)
1917 - Octave Mirbeau, French writer (b. 1848)
1919 - Vera Kholodnaya, Russian film star (b. 1893)
1928 - Eddie Foy, American singer and dancer (b. 1856)
1932 - Ferdinand Buisson, French pacifist, Nobel Prize Laureate (b. 1841)
1967 - Antonio Moreno, Spanish-born actor (b. 1887)
1967 - Smiley Burnette, American actor, singer and songwriter (b. 1911)
1974 - John Garand, Canadian rifle engineer and manufacturer (b. 1888)
1975 - Morgan Taylor, American athlete (b. 1903)
1977 - Carlos Pellicer, Mexican poet (b. 1897)
1978 - E. Roland Harriman, American financier (b. 1895)
1980 - Erich Hückel, German physicist (b. 1895)
1988 - Jean Carignan, French Canadian fiddler (b. 1916)
1990 - Keith Haring, American artist (b. 1958)
1992 - Angela Carter, English writer (b. 1940)
1992 - Jânio Quadros, Brazilian politician (b. 1917)
1992 - Herman Wold, Swedish statistician (b. 1908
1996 - Roger Bowen, American actor (b. 1932)
1996 - Edmund G. Brown, Governor of California (b. 1905)
1996 - Brownie McGhee, American singer (b. 1915)
1997 - Chien-Shiung Wu, Chinese-American physicist (b. 1912)
1999 - Michael Larson, Press Your Luck Big-winning contestant (b. 1949)
2000 - Marceline Day, American actress (b. 1908)
2000 - Karsten Solheim, Norwegian-born engineer and inventor (b. 1911)
2000 - Lila Kedrova, Russian-born actress (b. 1918)
2001 - Bob Buhl, baseball player (b. 1928)
2001 - Howard W. Koch, American film director (b. 1916)
2001 - William Masters, American gynecologist and sexologist (b. 1915)
2002 - Walter Winterbottom, England football manager (b. 1913)
2003 - Eleanor "Sis" Daley, wife of Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley (b. 1907)
2004 - Shirley Strickland, Australian athlete (b. 1925)
2004 - Doris Troy, American singer (b. 1937)
2005 - Nicole DeHuff, American actress (pneumonia) (b. 1975)
2006 - Johnny Grunge, American professional wrestler (b. 1966)
2006 - Ernie Stautner, German-born American football player (b. 1925) Holidays and observances

Saint Abda of Edessa
Saint Elias and companions
Remembrance of Lambertus
Saint Juliana
Saint Lucilla
Saint Gilbert of Sempringham
Saint Aganus
Saint Honestus
Saint Julian of Egypt
Saint Onesimus
February 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

Betacam is a family of half-inch professional videotape products developed by Sony from 1982 onwards. In casual use, "Betacam" singly is often used to refer to a Betacam camcorder, a Betacam tape, or a Betacam video recorder.
All Betacam variants from the original (plain) Betacam to Betacam SP and Digital Betacam, use the same shape cassettes, meaning vaults and other storage facilities do not have to be changed when upgrading to a new format. The cassettes come in two sizes: S and L. Betacam cameras can only load S tapes, while VTRs can play both S and L tapes. The cassette shell and case for each Betacam cassette is colored differently depending on the format, allowing for easy visual identification. There is also a mechanical key that allows a video tape recorder to tell which format has been inserted.

Variants
The original Betacam format was launched in 1982. It is an analog S-video format, storing the luminance (Y) in one track and the chrominance (C) on another, performing Compressed Time Division Multiplex, or CTDM. This splitting of channels provides a crisp, true broadcast quality product with 300 lines of horizontal luma resolution, and 120 lines chroma resolution (versus ~30 for Betamax/VHS).
The original Betacam format records on cassettes loaded with oxide-formulated tape, which are theoretically the same as used by its consumer market-oriented predecessor Betamax, introduced 7 years earlier by Sony in 1975. A blank Betamax-branded tape will work on a Betacam deck, and a Betacam-branded tape can be used to record in a Betamax deck. However, in later years Sony discouraged this practice, suggesting that the internal tape transport of a domestic Betamax cassette was not well suited to the faster tape transport of Betacam.
Although there is a superficial similarity between Betamax and Betacam in that they use the same tape cassette, they are really quite different formats. Betamax records relatively low resolution composite video using a heterodyne color recording system and only two recording heads, while Betacam uses four heads to record in component format, at a much higher linear tape speed, resulting in much-higher video and audio quality. A typical L-750 length Beta cassette that will yield about 3 hours of recording time on a Betamax VCR at its B-II speed, will only yield 30 minutes on a Betacam deck or camcorder.
It may also be noted that Matsushita / Panasonic also introduced a professional 1/2" component videotape format which used VHS style tape cassettes called "M-Format". However, while Sony's Betacam system became an industry standard the M format was a technical and marketing dud. A followup format called M-II was vastly improved but failed to catch on although it was an internal standard at NBC for a time.
Betacam was initially introduced as a camera line along with a video cassette player. The first cameras were the BVP-3, which utilized 3 saticon tubes, and the BVP1, which used a single tri-stripe Trinicon tube. Both these cameras could be operated standalone, or with their docking companion VTR, the BVV1, (quickly superseded by the BVV1A) to form the BVW1 (BVW1A) integrated camcorder. Tapes could not be played back in camera except in black and white for viewing in the camera's viewfinder only. Color playback required the studio source deck at first, the BVW10, which could not record, only play back. It was primarily designed as a feeder deck for A/B roll edit systems, usually for editing to a 1" Type C or 3/4" Umatic cassette edit master tape. There was also the BVW20 field playback deck, which was a portable unit with dc power and a handle, that was used to verify color playback of tapes in the field. Unlike the BVW10, it did not have a built in Time Base Corrector, or TBC.
With the popular success of the Betacam system as a news acquisition format, the line was soon extended to include the BVW15 studio player, and the BVW40 Studio Edit Recorder. The BVW15 added Dynamic Tracking which enabled clear still frame and jog playback, something the BVW10 could not deliver. The BVW40 enabled for the first time editing to a Betacam master, and if setup and wired correctly, true component video editing. It was also possible to do machine to machine editing between a BVW10/15 and BVW40 without an edit controller—a single serial cable between the units was all that was required to control the player from the recorder in performing simple assemble and insert editing. Additionally there were two field models introduced, the field recorder BVW25, and the BVW21 play only portable field deck.
At its introduction, many insisted that Betacam remained inferior to the bulkier 1" Type C and B recording, the standard broadcast production format of the late 70s to mid 80s. Additionally, the maximum record time for both the cameras and studio recorders was only half an hour, a severe limitation in television production. There was also the limitation that high quality recording was only possible if the original component signals were available, as they would be in a camcorder setup. If they had already been converted to composite video, re-converting them to components for recording and then eventually back to composite for broadcast, caused a severe drop in quality.
In 1986 Betacam SP was developed, which increased horizontal resolution to 340 lines. While the quality improvement of the format itself was minor, the improvement to the VTRs was enormous, in quality, features, and particularly, the new larger cassette with 90 minutes of recording time. Beta SP (for "Superior Performance") became the industry standard for most TV stations and high-end production houses until the late 1990s. Despite the format's age Beta SP remains a common standard for video post-production. The recording time is the same as for Betacam, 30 and 90 minutes for S and L, respectively. Tape speed is slightly slower in machines working in the 625/50 format, increasing tape duration of one minute for every five minutes of run time. So, a 90 minute tape will record 108 minutes of video in PAL.
Betacam SP is able to achieve its namesake "Superior Performance" over Betacam in the fact that it uses metal-formulated tape, as opposed to Betacam's oxide tape. Sony designed Betacam SP to be partially forward compatible with standard Betacam, with the capability that Betacam SP tapes can be played in oxide-era Betacam VTRs (such as the BVW-15 and BVW-40 mentioned earlier), but for playback only. Betacam SP-branded tapes cannot be used for recording in consumer Betamax VCRs like oxide Betacam tapes, due to Betacam SP's metal-formulation tape causing the video heads in a Betamax deck to wear prematurely, which are made of a softer material than the heads in a standard Betacam deck. However, Betacam SP tapes can be used without a problem in ED Beta VCRs, since the ED Beta format uses metal-formulated tape as well.
The new Betacam SP studio decks were the players, the BVW60 and BVW65, with Dynamic Tracking and the Edit Recorders, the BVW70, and the Dynamic Tracking model, the BVW75. The BVV5 was the BetcamSP dockable camera back, which could playback in color if its companion playback adapter was used. A new SP field recorder, the BVW 35, possessed the added benefit of a standard RS422 serial control port that enabled it to be used as an edit feeder deck. Though the four new studio decks could utilize the full 90 minute BetaSP cassettes, the BVW35 remained limited to the original Beta form factor 30 minute cassette shells. Answering a need for a basic office player, Sony also introduced the BVW22, a much less expensive desktop model that could be used for viewing and logging 90 minute cassettes, but could not be configured into an edit system.
Sony followed up the SP Field Recorder with the BVW50, that could record and play the large size 90 minute cassettes. After this, the deck line was relatively stagnant and incredibly popular for a decade, aside from some specialty models that could record digital audio.
Until the introduction of the BVW-200 camera though, the camera and recorder configuration was a docking system. The BVW-200 was an integrated camera recorder system. It sacrificed the flexibility of a docking camera in order to lose a substantial amount of weight. Eventually, non-docking camcorders became the most popular design by the mid-90s.
The final analog BetacamSP camcorder was the BVW600, which paired a camera front section very similar to the one on the DigiBeta DVW700 to a BetaSP recorder. Like every other Betacam camera system, and unlike the DigiBeta DVW700, the camera could not playback in color without the use of an outboard adapter.
In the early 90s a "pro" or "industrial" line of decks was introduced, with model numbers that echoed the naming conventions of Sony's 1970s era U-matic editing decks. These were the PVW2600 edit source feeder and the 2800 edit recorder. These excellent machines primarily lacked the third and fourth audio channels of the BVW series. In the mid-nineties, the far less expensive UVW series debuted. These machines were considerably simpler, somewhat lower quality, and were designed primarily to be used as companions to computer systems, and possessed very limited front panel controls, no jog and shuttle, with TBC control available only with extra cost remote TBC controller. These were represented by the UVW1800, a very popular edit recorder, and the UVW1400 and UVW1600 players.
Betacam and Betacam SP tape cassette shells varied in color depending on the manufacturer. Many companies sold Betacam tapes, sometimes of their own manufacture, sometimes rebranded. Fuji, Maxell, Ampex and 3M were just some of the major brands to do so.
Ampex, Thomson_SA and Philips each sold rebranded OEM versions of some of the Sony VTRs and Camcorders at various times in the 1980s and 1990s. Other than nameplates, these models were identical to the Sony models.

Betacam / Betacam SP
Digital Betacam (commonly referred to as Digibeta, d-beta, dbc or simply Digi) was launched in 1993. It supersedes both Betacam and Betacam SP, while costing significantly less than the D1 format. S tapes are available with up to 40 minutes running time, and L tapes with up to 124 minutes.
The Digital Betacam format records a DCT-compressed component video signal at 10-bit YUV 4:2:2 sampling in PAL resolutions at a bitrate of 90 Mbit/s plus four channels of uncompressed 48 kHz / 20 bit PCM-encoded audio. A fifth analog audio track is available for cueing, and a linear timecode track is also used on the tape.
Digital Betacam is a popular digital video cassette format for broadcast use. Its main competitor is the Panasonic DVCPRO50 cassette format.
Another key element which aided adoption was Sony's implementation of the SDI coaxial digital connection on Digital Betacam decks. Facilities could begin using digital signals on their existing coaxial wiring without having to commit to an expensive re-installation.
Typically Digital Betacam videotape is sold in a blue cassette container.

Digital Betacam
Betacam SX is a digital version of Betacam SP introduced in 1996, positioned as a cheaper alternative to Digital Betacam. It stores video using MPEG 4:2:2 Profile@ML compression, along with four channels of 48 kHz 16 bit PCM audio. All Betacam SX equipment is compatible with Betacam SP tapes. S tapes have a recording time up to 62 minutes, and L tapes up to 194 minutes.
The Betacam SX system was very successful with newsgathering operations which had a legacy of Betacam and Betacam SP tapes. A Betacam SX deck can natively play and work from the analog tapes interchangeably, because it contains both analog and digital playback heads.
Betacam SX uses MPEG-2 4:2:2P@ML compression, in comparison with other similar systems that use 4:1:1 coding. It gives better chroma resolution and allows certain postproduction processes such as Chroma-Key.
This format compresses the video signal from 170Mb/s to only 18Mb/s. It means a compression ratio of almost 10:1, which is quite high. However, it employs temporal compression, recording pair of pictures IBIBIB… where "I" means Intra-coding, while "B" means Biderectional-coding. This strategy allows high quality pictures at low bit-rates.
Together with Betacam SX, Sony introduced a generation of hybrid recorder, allowing use of both tape and disk recording on the same deck, and high speed dubbing from one to another. This was intended to save wear on the video heads for studio applications, as well to speed up online editing.
Betacam SX also features a good shot mark feature, that allows marking of each scene for fast retrieval. A tape deck can scan the tape for recorded marks of each single cassette, and show it to the operator.
The cameras themselves are generally considered by most sound recordists to be quite noisy in operation, possibly because the amount of computer processing power, and subsequent generated heat, leads to cooling fans being used to keep the camera at a reasonable temperature.
Betacam SX tape shells are bright yellow.
Although Betacam SX machines have gone out of production, the format is still used by many newsgathering operations, including San Diego's KFMB-TV, and NBC's operations in the San Francisco Bay Area at KNTV and KSTS. Many news archives still contain SX tapes.

HDCAM / HDCAM SR

DVCAM
DVCPRO
D5 HD

Paul Richards is a British Labour Party politician and author.

Political activity

Paul Richards was the Labour Party candidate for Billericay in the 1997 General Election
Paul Richards was the Labour Party candidate for Lewes in the 2001 General Election
He was formerly on the executive of the Labour Coordinating Committee
He is a former Chair of the Fabian Society and General Secretary of Labour Students
He is currently Special Adviser to Labour Party Chair Hazel Blears MP

In macroeconomics, a recession is a decline in any country's gross domestic product (GDP), or negative real economic growth, for two or more successive quarters of a year. However, this definition is not universally accepted. The American National Bureau of Economic Research defines a recession more ambiguously as "a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months." A recession may involve simultaneous declines in coincident measures of overall economic activity such as employment, investment, and corporate profits. Recessions may be associated with falling prices (deflation), or, alternatively, sharply rising prices (inflation) in a process known as stagflation. A severe or long recession is referred to as an economic depression. A devastating breakdown of an economy is called economic collapse. Newspaper columnist Sidney J. Harris amusingly distinguished terms this way: a recession is when you lose your job; a depression is when I lose mine.
Market-oriented economies are characterized by economic cycles, but actual recessions (declines in economic activity) do not always result. There is much debate as to whether government intervention smoothes the cycle (see Keynesianism), exaggerates it (see Real business cycle theory), or even creates it (see monetarism).

Causes of recessions
The precise causes of recession are the subject of fierce debate among academics and policy makers although most would agree that recessions are caused by some combination of endogenous cyclical forces and exogenous shocks. For example, Keynesian economists and Real business cycle theorists would all disagree about the precise cause of the business cycle breakdown, but most would agree that purely exogenous factors like the price of oil, weather conditions, or a war could by themselves cause a temporary recession, or, conversely, short term economic growth. Keynes himself, however, pointed out that when interest rates get too little -- below about 2% -- then people no longer have an incentive to save, preferring to hold money for what he called transactions demands. If there are no savings, banks get no money with which to make loans, and it is this drying up of savings -- and loans -- that caused the regular business cycle to break down, according to Keynes. Austrian school economists hold that it is an inflation of the money supply that causes modern recessions and that recessions are positive forces in-so-much that they are the market's natural mechanism of undoing the misallocation of resources present during the boom or inflationary phase. Most monetarists believe that the cause of most recessions in the United States is this mishandling of the money supply, while an extreme change in the structure of the economy are responsible for very few.

European contact

total: 49,422 km; note - there are two major transcontinental freight railway systems: Canadian National (privatized November 1995) and Canadian Pacific Railway; passenger service provided by government-operated firm VIA.
standard gauge: 49,422 km 1.435-m gauge 4 feet 8½ inches (129 km electrified) (2002) Railways

Montreal, Quebec (Agence métropolitaine de transport)
Toronto, Ontario (GO Transit)
Vancouver, British Columbia (West Coast Express) Cities with commuter train systems

Main article: Rapid transit in Canada Cities with subway/metro or light rail systems

United States - yes
Alaska - no - proposed
Russia (via Alaska) - no - Proposed.
St. Pierre and Miquelon - no Railway links with adjacent countries
See also: List of Canadian highways by province, Trans-Canada Highway, Yellowhead Highway, and Alaska Highway

total: 1.408 million km
paved: 497,306 km (including 16,900 km of expressways)
unpaved: 911,494 km (2002) Highways

United States - Yes.
Alaska - Yes.
Russia - Via Alaska - No, but proposed.
St. Pierre and Miquelon - Yes, via ferry. Roadway links with adjacent countries
3,000 km, including Saint Lawrence Seaway

Waterways

Saint Lawrence Seaway
Welland Canal
Soo Locks
Trent-Severn Waterway
Rideau Canal Canals

Crude and refined oil: 23,564 km
Natural gas: 74,980 km Pipelines
Bécancour, Quebec; Churchill, Manitoba; Halifax, Nova Scotia; Hamilton, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; New Westminster, British Columbia; Prince Rupert, British Columbia; Quebec City, Quebec; Saint John, New Brunswick; St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador; Sept-Îles, Quebec; Sydney, Nova Scotia; Trois-Rivières, Quebec; Thunder Bay, Ontario; Toronto, Ontario; Vancouver, British Columbia; Victoria, British Columbia; Windsor, Ontario

Ports and harbours

total: 122 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,840,272 GRT or 2,740,864 DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 61, cargo 11, chemical tanker 6, combination bulk 2, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 18, rail car carrier 2, roll-on/roll-off 9, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 1 (2002 est.)
note: does not include ships used exclusively in the Great Lakes (1998 est.) Merchant marine
All figures as of January 2007
Further information: Category:Airports in Canada

Total airports - 1444
Land aerodromes - 1117
Water aerodromes - 327
Category:Airports in Alberta - 187 (182 land, 5 water)
Category:Airports in British Columbia - 217 (130 land, 87 water)
Category:Airports in Manitoba - 136 (112 land, 24 water)
Category:Airports in New Brunswick - 31 (31 land, 0 water)
Category:Airports in Newfoundland and Labrador - 37 (30 land, 7 water)
Category:Airports in the Northwest Territories - 67 (42 land, 25 water)
Category:Airports in Nova Scotia - 29 (22 land, 7 water)
Category:Airports in Nunavut - 31 (29 land, 2 water)
Category:Airports in Ontario - 322 (220 land, 102 water)
Category:Airports in Prince Edward Island - 4 (4 land, 0 water)
Category:Airports in Quebec - 187 (139 land, 48 water)
Category:Airports in Saskatchewan - 162 (149 land, 13 water)
Category:Airports in the Yukon - 34 (27 land, 7 water) Airports
Further information: National Airports System, Canada's busiest airport

Toronto Pearson International Airport
Vancouver International Airport
Calgary International Airport
Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport
Boundary Bay Airport Heliports

The Karp-Flatt Metric is a measure of parallelization of code in parallel processor systems. This metric exists in addition to Amdahl's Law and the Gustafson's Law as an indication of the extent to which a particular computer code is parallelized . It was proposed by Alan H. Karp and Horace P. Flatt in 1990.

Justification
While the Karp-Flatt metric is mentioned frequently in computer science literature, it was rarely used as a diagnostic tool the way speedup and efficiency are. Karp and Flatt hoped to correct this by proposing this metric. This metric addresses the inadequacies of the other laws and quantities used to measure the parallelization of computer code. In particular, Amdahl's law does not take into account load balancing issues, nor does it take overhead into consideration. Using the serial fraction as a metric poses definite advantages over the others, particularly as the number of processors grows.
For a problem of fixed size, the efficiency of a parallel computation typically decreases as the number of processors increases. By using the serial fraction obtained experimentally using the Karp-Flatt metric, we can determine if the efficiency decrease is due to limited opportunities of parallelism or increases in algorithmic or architectural overhead.

Fairmount Cemetery is a 150 acre (607,000 m²) Victorian cemetery in the West Ward of Newark, New Jersey in the neighborhood of Fairmount.