tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-77220317224690262192024-02-20T15:34:14.583-08:00bknebelyummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.comBlogger235125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-11809135253264422302009-03-27T01:30:00.000-07:002009-03-27T01:33:24.391-07:00Lolita<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://cosplayfu.com/_Product/676_200.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 200px;" src="http://cosplayfu.com/_Product/676_200.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br /><br />Yuki Nakato <a href="http://www.cosplayfu.com/product/Yuki+Nakato+Lolita+Dress">Lolita Dress</a> from The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya<br /><br />Cuteeee~~~~~~~~O(∩_∩)Oyummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-25640952215582240992008-05-02T10:06:00.001-07:002008-05-02T10:06:15.388-07:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Northamptonshire</b> (abbreviated <i><b>Northants</b></i> or <i><b>N'hants</b></i>) is a landlocked <span href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">county</span> in central <span href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</span> with a population of 629,676 (<span href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</span> <span href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</span>). It has borders with <span href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</span>, <span href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</span>, <span href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</span>, <span href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</span>, <span href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</span>, <span href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</span> (including the <span href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_%28borough%29" title="Milton Keynes (borough)">Borough of Milton Keynes</span>), <span href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</span> (England's shortest county boundary: 19 metres). The county town is <span href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</span>.<br /> Northamptonshire has often been called the county of "<span href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">squires</span> and <span href="/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">spires</span>" due to its wide variety of historic buildings and country houses. The county has also been described as "England's Pancreas", most notably by the popular presenter <span href="/wiki/Alan_Titchmarsh" title="Alan Titchmarsh">Alan Titchmarsh</span> in has 2007 series <span href="/w/index.php?title=The_Nature_of_Britain&action=edit" class="new" title="The Nature of Britain">The Nature of Britain</span>. This is due to its shape and location within the UK, and because it is regularly overlooked, especially compared to neighbouring <span href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</span>, known as "The Heart of England".<br /> Northamptonshire's <span href="/wiki/County_flower" title="County flower">county flower</span> is the <span href="/wiki/Primula_veris" title="Primula veris">Cowslip</span>.<br /> <span name="Geography" id="Geography"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Peter_Bone" title="Peter Bone">Peter Bone</span> <span href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29" title="Conservative Party (UK)">(C)</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Tim_Boswell" title="Tim Boswell">Tim Boswell</span> <span href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29" title="Conservative Party (UK)">(C)</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Brian_Binley" title="Brian Binley">Brian Binley</span> <span href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29" title="Conservative Party (UK)">(C)</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Philip_Hollobone" title="Philip Hollobone">Philip Hollobone</span> <span href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29" title="Conservative Party (UK)">(C)</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Phil_Hope" title="Phil Hope">Phil Hope</span> <span href="/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29" title="Labour Party (UK)">(L)</span>/<span href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">(Co-op)</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Sally_Keeble" title="Sally Keeble">Sally Keeble</span> <span href="/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29" title="Labour Party (UK)">(L)</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/South_Northamptonshire" title="South Northamptonshire">South Northamptonshire</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Daventry_%28district%29" title="Daventry (district)">Daventry</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Wellingborough_%28borough%29" title="Wellingborough (borough)">Wellingborough</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Kettering_%28borough%29" title="Kettering (borough)">Kettering</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Corby" title="Corby">Corby</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/East_Northamptonshire" title="East Northamptonshire">East Northamptonshire</span> <b> Geography</b><br /> These are the main settlements in Northamptonshire with a town charter, a population over 5,000, or otherwise notable. For a complete list of settlements see <span href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Northamptonshire" title="List of places in Northamptonshire">List of places in Northamptonshire</span><br /> <span name="Peterborough" id="Peterborough"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Brackley" title="Brackley">Brackley</span>, <span href="/wiki/Braunston%2C_Northamptonshire" title="Braunston, Northamptonshire">Braunston</span>, <span href="/wiki/Brixworth" title="Brixworth">Brixworth</span>,<br /> <span href="/wiki/Corby" title="Corby">Corby</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Daventry" title="Daventry">Daventry</span>, <span href="/wiki/Desborough" title="Desborough">Desborough</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Kettering" title="Kettering">Kettering</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Long_Buckby" title="Long Buckby">Long Buckby</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Naseby" title="Naseby">Naseby</span>, <span href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Oundle" title="Oundle">Oundle</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Pitsford" title="Pitsford">Pitsford</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Raunds" title="Raunds">Raunds</span>, <span href="/wiki/Rothwell%2C_Northamptonshire" title="Rothwell, Northamptonshire">Rothwell</span>, <span href="/wiki/Rushden" title="Rushden">Rushden</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Silverstone" title="Silverstone">Silverstone</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Towcester" title="Towcester">Towcester</span>, <span href="/wiki/Thrapston" title="Thrapston">Thrapston</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Weedon_Bec" title="Weedon Bec">Weedon Bec</span>, <span href="/wiki/Wellingborough" title="Wellingborough">Wellingborough</span> <b> Places</b><br /> The <span href="/wiki/Soke_of_Peterborough" title="Soke of Peterborough">Soke of Peterborough</span>, including the <span href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">City of Peterborough</span>, was historically associated with Northamptonshire as the county diocese is focused upon the cathedral there. Under the <span href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</span> Peterborough became a district of <span href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</span>.<br /> <span name="History" id="History"></span><br /> <b> Peterborough</b><br /> <i>Main article <span href="/wiki/History_of_Northamptonshire" title="History of Northamptonshire">History of Northamptonshire</span></i><br /> Pre-Celtic and <span href="/wiki/Celt" title="Celt">Celtic</span> peoples settled in the region, and there are some traces of <span href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</span> settlements and roads. Most notably the <span href="/wiki/Watling_Street" title="Watling Street">Watling Street</span> passed through the county, and there was an important Roman settlement called <i>Lactodorum</i> on the site of modern day <span href="/wiki/Towcester" title="Towcester">Towcester</span>. There were other Roman settlements at the site of Northampton, and along the <span href="/wiki/River_Nene" title="River Nene">Nene Valley</span> near <span href="/wiki/Raunds" title="Raunds">Raunds</span>.<br /> After the Romans left, the area became part of the <span href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</span> kingdom of <span href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</span>, and Northampton functioned as an administrative centre. The area was overrun by the Danes (<span href="/wiki/Viking" title="Viking">Vikings</span>) in the <span href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th century</span> and briefly became part of the <span href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</span>, but was later re-claimed by the Saxons. Consequently, it is one of the few counties in England to have both Saxon and Danish town-names and settlements.<br /> The county was first recorded in the <span href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</span> (<span href="/wiki/1011" title="1011">1011</span>), as <i>Hamtunscire</i>: the <i>scire</i> (<span href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shire</span>) of <i>Hamtun</i> (the homestead). The "North" was added to distinguish Northampton from the other important <i>Hamtun</i> further south: Southampton.<br /> Later, <span href="/wiki/Rockingham_Castle" title="Rockingham Castle">Rockingham Castle</span> was built for <span href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</span> and was used as a Royal fortress until <span href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</span> times. The now-ruined <span href="/wiki/Fotheringhay" title="Fotheringhay">Fotheringhay</span> castle was used to imprison <span href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_Scotland" title="Mary I of Scotland">Mary, Queen of Scots</span> before her execution. In <span href="/wiki/1460" title="1460">1460</span>, during the <span href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</span>, the <span href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_%281460%29" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Battle of Northampton</span> took place and King <span href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</span> was captured.<br /> During the <span href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</span> Northamptonshire strongly supported the <span href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarian</span> cause, and the <span href="/wiki/Cavaliers_%28royalists%29" title="Cavaliers (royalists)">Royalist</span> forces suffered a crushing defeat at the <span href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naseby" title="Battle of Naseby">Battle of Naseby</span> in <span href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</span> in the north of the county. King <span href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</span> was later imprisoned at <span href="/wiki/Holdenby_House" title="Holdenby House">Holdenby House</span>.<br /> In the <span href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th</span> and <span href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th</span> centuries, parts of Northamptonshire became <span href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialized</span>. Northampton and its surrounding areas, gained a sizeable <span href="/wiki/Shoe" title="Shoe">shoe</span> making and <span href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</span> industry and by the end of the nineteenth century it was almost definitely the boot and shoe making capital of the world. And in the north of the county a large <span href="/wiki/Ironstone" title="Ironstone">ironstone</span> <span href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarrying</span> industry developed. In the <span href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</span>, during the <span href="/wiki/1930s" title="1930s">1930s</span>, the town of <span href="/wiki/Corby" title="Corby">Corby</span> was established as a major centre of the <span href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</span> industry. Much of Northamptonshire nevertheless remains largely rural.<br /> After the <span href="/wiki/Second_World_War" title="Second World War">Second World War</span> Northampton and Corby were designated as <span href="/wiki/New_town" title="New town">new towns</span>. <span href="/wiki/As_of_2005" title="As of 2005">As of 2005</span> the government is encouraging development in the <span href="/wiki/South_Midlands" title="South Midlands">South Midlands</span> area, including Kettering and Corby.<br /> <span name="Politics" id="Politics"></span><br /> <b> History</b><br /> <span name="National_representation" id="National_representation"></span><br /> <b> Politics</b><br /> Northamptonshire returns six <span href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" title="Member of Parliament">members of Parliament</span>. Following the <span href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election%2C_2005" title="United Kingdom general election, 2005">2005 general election</span>, four MPs belong to the <span href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</span>, while the other two represent the <span href="/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</span>.<br /> <span name="Local_government" id="Local_government"></span><br /> <b> National representation</b><br /> Like most English shire counties, Northamptonshire has a two-tier structure of <span href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">local government</span>. The county has an elected <span href="/wiki/County_council" title="County council">county council</span> based in <span href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</span>, and is also divided into seven <span href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">districts</span> each with their own district councils.<br /> These districts are: <span href="/wiki/Corby" title="Corby">Corby</span>, <span href="/wiki/Daventry_%28district%29" title="Daventry (district)">Daventry district</span>, <span href="/wiki/East_Northamptonshire" title="East Northamptonshire">East Northamptonshire</span>, <span href="/wiki/Kettering_%28borough%29" title="Kettering (borough)">Kettering</span>, <span href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</span>, <span href="/wiki/South_Northamptonshire" title="South Northamptonshire">South Northamptonshire</span>, <span href="/wiki/Wellingborough_%28borough%29" title="Wellingborough (borough)">Wellingborough</span> (see map). The district council offices for East Northamptonshire are based in <span href="/wiki/Thrapston" title="Thrapston">Thrapston</span>, and those for South Northamptonshire are based in <span href="/wiki/Towcester" title="Towcester">Towcester</span>. Northamptonshire also has a large number of <span href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Northamptonshire" title="List of civil parishes in Northamptonshire">civil parishes</span>.<br /> Until 2005, Northamptonshire County Council, for which each of the 73 <span href="/wiki/Electoral_division" title="Electoral division">electoral divisions</span> in the county elects a single councillor, had been held by the Labour Party since 1993; before then it had been under <span href="/wiki/No_overall_control" title="No overall control">no overall control</span> since <span href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</span>. The councils of the rural districts — Daventry, East Northamptonshire, and South Northamptonshire — are strongly Conservative, whereas composition in the urban districts is more mixed. At the 2003 local elections, Labour lost control of Kettering, Northampton, and Wellingborough, retaining only Corby. Elections for the entire County Council are held every four years — the last were held on <span href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">5 May</span> <span href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</span> when control of the County Council changed from the Labour Party to the Conservatives. The County Council uses a <span href="/w/index.php?title=Leader_and_cabinet&action=edit" class="new" title="Leader and cabinet">leader and cabinet</span> executive system and has recently (from April 2006) abolished its <span href="/wiki/Area_committee" title="Area committee">area committees</span>.<br /> Northampton itself is somewhat unusual in being the most populous urban district in England not to be administered as a <span href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</span> (even though several smaller districts are unitary). During the <span href="/wiki/1990s_UK_local_government_reform" title="1990s UK local government reform">1990s local government reform</span>, Northampton Borough Council petitioned strongly for unitary status, which led to fractured relations with the County Council.<br /> Northamptonshire is policed by <span href="/wiki/Northamptonshire_Police" title="Northamptonshire Police">Northamptonshire Police</span>, and is covered by <span href="/wiki/Northamptonshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Northamptonshire Fire and Rescue Service">Northamptonshire Fire and Rescue Service</span>.<br /> Before <span href="/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</span>, the <span href="/wiki/Soke_of_Peterborough" title="Soke of Peterborough">Soke of Peterborough</span> was considered part of Northamptonshire for <span href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial purposes</span>, although it had had a separate county council since the <span href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</span>, and separate <span href="/wiki/Quarter_Sessions" title="Quarter Sessions">Quarter Sessions</span> courts before then. The <span href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">City of Peterborough</span> is now part of the county of <span href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</span>.<br /> <span name="Economy" id="Economy"></span><br /> <b> Local government</b><br /> This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Northamptonshire at current basic prices <span href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf" rel="nofollow">published</span> (pp.240-253) by <i>Office for National Statistics</i> with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.<br /> Northamptonshire has some nationally important companies. Historically, it is home to footwear manufacturing companies. The <span href="/wiki/Dr._Martens" title="Dr. Martens">Dr. Martens</span> company in the UK is based in <span href="/wiki/Wollaston%2C_Northamptonshire" title="Wollaston, Northamptonshire">Wollaston</span> near Wellingborough, where the boots used to be made. <span href="/wiki/Weetabix" title="Weetabix">Weetabix</span> is made at <span href="/wiki/Burton_Latimer" title="Burton Latimer">Burton Latimer</span> near Kettering. <span href="/wiki/Carlsberg" title="Carlsberg">Carlsberg</span> is brewed in Northampton. Daventry has many distribution centres.<br /> <span name="Education" id="Education"></span><br /> <b> Economy</b><br /> Northamptonshire operates a complete comprehensive system with 30 state secondary schools and 4 independent schools. There are no selective schools. However, selection by house price instead may be taking place. At GCSE, for those obtaining 5 GCSEs at grades A-C including Maths and English, the England average is 45.8%; the Northamptonshire average is 42.1% - below average. The best state school in Northamptonshire is <span href="/w/index.php?title=Brooke_Weston_City_Technology_College&action=edit" class="new" title="Brooke Weston City Technology College">Brooke Weston CTC</span> in Corby with 89%, followed by the <span href="/wiki/Bishop_Stopford_School" title="Bishop Stopford School">Bishop Stopford School</span> in Kettering with 81% and then the <span href="/wiki/Northampton_School_For_Boys" title="Northampton School For Boys">Northampton School For Boys</span> with 80%. These are excellent results for comprehensive schools. For the Brooke Weston result, this is substantially (three times) better than other schools in Corby, and Brooke Weston is often in the top five comprehensives in England. It is almost like a selective system in Corby. The same could be said for Northampton, with only the Northampton schools for <span href="/wiki/Northampton_School_For_Boys" title="Northampton School For Boys">boys</span> and <span href="/wiki/Northampton_School_For_Girls" title="Northampton School For Girls">girls</span> producing good results. Wellingborough is also the same to a lesser extent, with only the Sir <span href="/wiki/Christopher_Hatton" title="Christopher Hatton">Christopher Hatton</span> School producing good results. At A level, the best state schools are the <span href="/wiki/Campion_School_%28Bugbrooke%29" title="Campion School (Bugbrooke)">Campion School</span> in <span href="/wiki/Bugbrooke" title="Bugbrooke">Bugbrooke</span>, South Northamptonshire; followed by the <span href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrers_Specialist_Arts_College&action=edit" class="new" title="Ferrers Specialist Arts College">Ferrers Specialist Arts College</span> in Higham Ferrers; then the <span href="/w/index.php?title=Moulton_Schools_and_Science_College&action=edit" class="new" title="Moulton Schools and Science College">Moulton Schools and Science College</span> in <span href="/wiki/Moulton%2C_Northamptonshire" title="Moulton, Northamptonshire">Moulton</span>, Daventry district; and then the Northampton School for Boys. These produce good results for comprehensives. The Brooke Weston CTC does not achieve particularly high results at A level, but above average. Overall at A-level, the independent <span href="/wiki/Northampton_High_School" title="Northampton High School">Northampton High School</span> (girls school) in <span href="/wiki/Hardingstone" title="Hardingstone">Hardingstone</span> is the best.<br /> Northamptonshire boasts an extensive <span href="/wiki/Northamptonshire_Music_and_Performing_Arts_Service" title="Northamptonshire Music and Performing Arts Service">music and performing arts service</span> that provides peripatetic music teaching to schools in the area. It also supports 15 local Saturday morning music and performing arts centres around the county as well as providing a range of county level music groups.<br /> <span name="Average_score_at_GCSE_by_council_district_.28.25.29" id="Average_score_at_GCSE_by_council_district_.28.25.29"></span><br /> <b> Education</b><br /> % of pupils with 5 grades A-C including English and Maths; compare this table to <span href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/uk_house_prices/counties/html/county66.stm" class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/uk_house_prices/counties/html/county66.stm" rel="nofollow">average house price</span> by district.<br /> <span name="Transport" id="Transport"></span><br /> 1. South Northamptonshire 51.5<br /> 2. East Northamptonshire 48.4<br /> 3. Kettering 47.8<br /> 4. Daventry 44.0<br /> 5. Northampton 37.5<br /> 6. Corby 36.2<br /> 7. Wellingborough 34.8 <b> Average score at GCSE by council district (%)</b><br /> The gap in the hills at <span href="/wiki/Watford_Gap" title="Watford Gap">Watford Gap</span> meant that many southeast to northwest routes passed through Northamptonshire. The Roman Road <span href="/wiki/Watling_Street" title="Watling Street">Watling Street</span> (now part of the <span href="/wiki/A5_road" title="A5 road">A5</span>) passed through here, as did later canals, railways and major roads.<br /> <span name="Roads" id="Roads"></span><br /> <b> Transport</b><br /> Major roads such as the <span href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1 motorway</span> and the <span href="/wiki/A14_road" title="A14 road">A14</span> provide Northamptonshire with valuable transport links, both north-south and east-west. The A43 joins the M1 to the M40, passing through the south of the county to the Junction west of Brackley. The former steelworks town of Corby is now home to large areas of <span href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehousing</span> and <span href="/wiki/Distribution_%28business%29" title="Distribution (business)">distribution</span> companies.<br /> <span name="Rivers_and_Canals" id="Rivers_and_Canals"></span><br /> <b> Roads</b><br /> <i>See also: <span href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Rivers_in_Northamptonshire&action=edit" class="new" title="Category:Rivers in Northamptonshire">Rivers in Northamptonshire</span></i><br /> Two major canals - the <span href="/wiki/Oxford_Canal" title="Oxford Canal">Oxford</span> and the <span href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Canal" title="Grand Union Canal">Grand Union</span> — join in the county at <span href="/wiki/Braunston%2C_Northamptonshire" title="Braunston, Northamptonshire">Braunston</span>. Notable features include a flight of 17 <span href="/wiki/Canal_lock" title="Canal lock">locks</span> on the Grand Union at Rothersthorpe, the <span href="/wiki/Stoke_Bruerne_Canal_Museum" title="Stoke Bruerne Canal Museum">canal museum</span> at <span href="/wiki/Stoke_Bruerne" title="Stoke Bruerne">Stoke Bruerne</span>, and a tunnel at <span href="/wiki/Blisworth_tunnel" title="Blisworth tunnel">Blisworth</span> which, at 3076 yards (2813 m), is the third-longest navigable canal tunnel on the <span href="/wiki/Canals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Canals of the United Kingdom">UK canal network</span>.<br /> A branch of the Grand Union Canal connects to the <span href="/wiki/River_Nene" title="River Nene">River Nene</span> in Northampton and has been upgraded to a "wide canal" in places and is known as the <i>Nene Navigation</i>. It is famous for its guillotine locks.<br /> For last five years Northamptonshire County Council is in partnership with WS Atkins, Europe's largest Engineering Consultants to manage and maintain all highways functions.<br /> <span name="Railways" id="Railways"></span><br /> <b> Rivers and Canals</b><br /> Two trunk railway routes, the <span href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</span> and the <span href="/wiki/Midland_Main_Line" title="Midland Main Line">Midland Main Line</span> traverse the county. At its peak, Northamptonshire had 75 railway stations. It now has only five, at <span href="/wiki/Northampton_railway_station" title="Northampton railway station">Northampton</span> and <span href="/wiki/Long_Buckby_railway_station" title="Long Buckby railway station">Long Buckby</span> (on the WCML), <span href="/wiki/Kettering_railway_station" title="Kettering railway station">Kettering</span> and <span href="/wiki/Wellingborough_railway_station" title="Wellingborough railway station">Wellingborough</span> (on the Midland Main Line), along with <span href="/wiki/King%27s_Sutton" title="King's Sutton">King's Sutton</span>, which is a matter of yards from the boundary with Oxfordshire on the <span href="/wiki/Chiltern_Main_Line" title="Chiltern Main Line">London-Banbury line</span>.<br /> Corby is one of the largest towns in Britain without a railway station. A railway runs through the town (from Kettering to <span href="/wiki/Oakham" title="Oakham">Oakham</span> in <span href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</span>), but is currently used only by freight traffic and occasional diverted passenger trains (which do not call). The line through Corby was once part of a main line to <span href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</span> via <span href="/wiki/Melton_Mowbray" title="Melton Mowbray">Melton Mowbray</span> but the stretch between Melton and Nottingham was closed in <span href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</span>. In the <span href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</span>, an experimental passenger shuttle service was tried between Corby and Kettering, but this was proved unsuccessful. A bus link operated by <span href="/wiki/Midland_Mainline" title="Midland Mainline">Midland Mainline</span> provides access to Corby from Kettering station. As of 2005, there are plans to build a new station in Corby - one providing direct access to <span href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras</span> in <span href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</span> and not just a branch line service to Kettering, but these are not yet off the ground.<br /> Northamptonshire was hit hard by the <span href="/wiki/Beeching_Axe" title="Beeching Axe">Beeching Axe</span> in the <span href="/wiki/1960s" title="1960s">1960s</span>, with stations such as Towcester's being slowly left to rot. <span href="http://www.towcestersrailwayhistory.co.uk" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.towcestersrailwayhistory.co.uk" rel="nofollow">[1]</span> One of the most notable closures was that of the line connecting Northampton to <span href="/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</span> by way of Wellingborough, <span href="/wiki/Thrapston" title="Thrapston">Thrapston</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Oundle" title="Oundle">Oundle</span>. Its closure left eastern Northamptonshire devoid of railways. Part of this route has been re-opened as the <span href="/wiki/Nene_Valley_Railway" title="Nene Valley Railway">Nene Valley Railway</span>, with a small section of line, and the station at <span href="/wiki/Yarwell" title="Yarwell">Yarwell</span> junction being within Northamptonshire.<br /> A section of one of the closed lines, the Northampton to <span href="/wiki/Market_Harborough" title="Market Harborough">Market Harborough</span> line, is now the <span href="/wiki/Northampton_%26_Lamport_Railway" title="Northampton & Lamport Railway">Northampton & Lamport</span> <span href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">heritage railway</span>, while the route as a whole forms a part of the <span href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Network" title="National Cycle Network">National Cycle Network</span>, as the <span href="/wiki/Brampton_Valley_Way" title="Brampton Valley Way">Brampton Valley Way</span>.<br /> As early as <span href="/wiki/1897" title="1897">1897</span> Northamptonshire had its own putative <span href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</span> rail link with the creation of the <span href="/wiki/Great_Central_Railway" title="Great Central Railway">Great Central Railway</span>, which was intended to connect to a tunnel under the <span href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</span>. Although the complete project never came to fruition, the rail link through Northamptonshire was constructed, and had stations at <span href="/wiki/Charwelton" title="Charwelton">Charwelton</span>, <span href="/wiki/Woodford_Halse" title="Woodford Halse">Woodford Halse</span>, <span href="/wiki/Helmdon" title="Helmdon">Helmdon</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Brackley" title="Brackley">Brackley</span>. It became part of the London and North Eastern Railway in <span href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</span> (and of British Railways in 1948) before its closure in <span href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</span>.<br /> Before <span href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</span> of the railways in <span href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</span> and the creation of <span href="/wiki/British_Railways" title="British Railways">British Railways</span>), Northamptonshire was home to three of the "Big Four" railway companies; the <span href="/wiki/London%2C_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway" title="London, Midland and Scottish Railway">London, Midland and Scottish Railway</span>, <span href="/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London and North Eastern Railway">London and North Eastern Railway</span> and <span href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</span>. Only the <span href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_%28UK%29" title="Southern Railway (UK)">Southern Railway</span> was not represented. Post nationalisation, it is served by <span href="/wiki/Silverlink" title="Silverlink">Silverlink</span>, <span href="/wiki/London_Midland" title="London Midland">London Midland</span>, <span href="/wiki/Chiltern_Railways" title="Chiltern Railways">Chiltern Railways</span> and <span href="/wiki/Midland_Mainline" title="Midland Mainline">Midland Mainline</span>. So from having 75 stations in 1948 and three operators it has 5 stations with four operators.<br /> <span name="Media" id="Media"></span><br /> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/Northants_arms.png/200px-Northants_arms.png" alt="Northamptonshire County Council" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Railways</b><br /> Northamptonshire has a local BBC radio station, <i><span href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Northampton" title="BBC Radio Northampton">BBC Radio Northampton</span></i>, which broadcasts on two <span href="/wiki/FM_radio" title="FM radio">FM</span> frequencies — 104.2 MHz for the south and west of the county (including <span href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</span> and surrounding area) and 103.6 MHz for the north of the county (including <span href="/wiki/Kettering" title="Kettering">Kettering</span> and <span href="/wiki/Corby" title="Corby">Corby</span>). There are three commercial radio stations. <i><span href="/wiki/Northants_96" title="Northants 96">Northants 96</span></i> (96.6 MHz FM) is part of <span href="/wiki/GCap_Media" title="GCap Media">GCap Media</span>, whilst <span href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</span> station <i><span href="http://www.classicgolddigital.com" class="external text" title="http://www.classicgolddigital.com" rel="nofollow">Classic Gold</span></i> (1557 kHz) also forms part of a national network. The former <i>Kettering and Corby Broadcasting Company (KCBC)</i> station originally broadcast on 1530 (later 1584) kHz AM before eventually moving to 107.4 MHz FM. Its studios and FM frequency are still in use following a merger with Wellingborough-based <i>Connect FM</i> which now broadcasts on 97.2 and 107.4 MHz.<br /> National <span href="/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting" title="Digital audio broadcasting">digital radio</span> is also available in Northamptonshire, though coverage is limited. As of 2005 a multiplex for local DAB stations had yet to be set up.<br /> In regional radio and television terms, the county is not usually considered as part of the East Midlands; unusually, it is associated with <span href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</span>, being part of the <span href="/wiki/BBC_East" title="BBC East">BBC East</span> region and the <span href="/wiki/Anglia_Television" title="Anglia Television">Anglia Television</span> region of <span href="/wiki/ITV" title="ITV">ITV</span>, the latter having an office adjacent to BBC Radio Northampton in Abington Street, Northampton. These services are broadcast from the <span href="/wiki/Sandy_Heath" title="Sandy Heath">Sandy Heath</span> transmitter.<br /> <span name="Sport" id="Sport"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.spkweb.org.uk/SPKWebUI/Design/images/manchester.jpg" alt="Northamptonshire County Council" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Media</b><br /> Northamptonshire is home to a number of <span href="/wiki/Football_%28soccer%29" title="Football (soccer)">football</span> teams, the most prominent being the professional sides <span href="/wiki/Northampton_Town_F.C." title="Northampton Town F.C.">Northampton Town F.C.</span> of <span href="/wiki/Football_League_One" title="Football League One">League One</span> and <span href="/wiki/Rushden_%26_Diamonds_F.C." title="Rushden & Diamonds F.C.">Rushden & Diamonds F.C.</span>, who are in the <span href="/wiki/Football_Conference" title="Football Conference">Football Conference</span>. Other teams include <span href="/wiki/Kettering_Town_F.C." title="Kettering Town F.C.">Kettering Town F.C.</span>, who play in the <span href="/wiki/Conference_North" title="Conference North">Conference North</span>, though having been higher. <span href="/wiki/Wellingborough_Town_F.C." title="Wellingborough Town F.C.">Wellingborough Town F.C.</span> claims to be the sixth oldest in the country.<br /> Northamptonshire is more successful in <span href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</span>, though <span href="/wiki/Northampton_Saints" title="Northampton Saints">Northampton Saints</span> were relegated from the <span href="/wiki/Guinness_Premiership" title="Guinness Premiership">Guinness Premiership</span> (the highest league) at the end of the 2006/2007 season. <span href="/wiki/Northamptonshire_County_Cricket_Club" title="Northamptonshire County Cricket Club">Northamptonshire County Cricket Club</span> is presently in Division Two of the <span href="/wiki/County_Championship" title="County Championship">County Championship</span>.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Silverstone" title="Silverstone">Silverstone</span> has a major <span href="/wiki/Motor_racing" title="Motor racing">motor racing</span> circuit, notably used for the <span href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing" title="Grand Prix motor racing">British Grand Prix</span>.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Rockingham_Motor_Speedway" title="Rockingham Motor Speedway">Rockingham Speedway</span> in <span href="/wiki/Corby" title="Corby">Corby</span> is the largest stadium in the UK with 130,000 seats. It is a US-style elliptical racing circuit (the largest of its kind outside of the US), and is used extensively for all kinds of <span href="/wiki/Motor_racing" title="Motor racing">Motor Racing</span> events.<br /> <span name="Places_of_interest" id="Places_of_interest"></span><br /> <b> Places of interest</b><br /> <span name="Colleges" id="Colleges"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing" title="Grand Prix motor racing">British Grand Prix</span> at <span href="/wiki/Silverstone" title="Silverstone">Silverstone</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Burghley_Horse_Trials" title="Burghley Horse Trials">Burghley Horse Trials</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Crick_Boat_Show" title="Crick Boat Show">Crick Boat Show</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Hollowell" title="Hollowell">Hollowell Steam Rally</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Northampton_Balloon_Festival" title="Northampton Balloon Festival">Northampton Balloon Festival</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Rothwell%2C_Northamptonshire" title="Rothwell, Northamptonshire">Rothwell</span> Fair<br /> <span href="/wiki/Rushden_Cavalcade" title="Rushden Cavalcade">Rushden Cavalcade</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/St_Crispin_Street_Fair" title="St Crispin Street Fair">St Crispin Street Fair</span> <b> Colleges</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Northamptonshire" title="Category:People from Northamptonshire">People from Northamptonshire</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/History_of_Northamptonshire" title="History of Northamptonshire">History of Northamptonshire</span> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-77287170405584959052008-05-01T09:22:00.001-07:002008-05-01T09:22:42.405-07:00<img src="http://cache.virtualtourist.com/1/1217592-This_delicate_unit_passed_away_recently-Serooskerke_Walcheren.jpg" alt="Walcheren" align="left" style="padding:10px" /><img src="http://www.naval-history.net/WW2Memoir-Walcheren-21-LCIL-269%2520ortho%2520viewS.JPG" alt="Walcheren" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Ltspkr.png" class="image" title="Image:Ltspkr.png"><img alt="Image:Ltspkr.png" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Ltspkr.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Ltspkr.png" width="13" height="10" /></span><b><span href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Nl-Walcheren.ogg" class="internal" title="Nl-Walcheren.ogg">Walcheren</span></b> is a former <span href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</span> in the <span href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">province</span> of <span href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</span> in the <span href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</span> at the mouth of the <span href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</span> <span href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</span>. It lies between the <span href="/wiki/Oosterschelde" title="Oosterschelde">Oosterschelde</span> in the north and the <span href="/wiki/Westerschelde" title="Westerschelde">Westerschelde</span> in the south and is roughly the shape of a <span href="/wiki/Rhombus" title="Rhombus">rhombus</span>. The two sides on the side of the North Sea consist of dunes; the rest of its coastline is made up of dykes. <span href="/wiki/Middelburg" title="Middelburg">Middelburg</span> ("Middleborough") lies at its centre; this city is the provincial capital and <span href="/wiki/Vlissingen" title="Vlissingen">Vlissingen</span> 9 km to the south is the main <span href="/wiki/Harbour" title="Harbour">harbour</span>. The third municipality is <span href="/wiki/Veere" title="Veere">Veere</span>.<br /> Originally, Walcheren was an island, but <span href="/wiki/Polders" title="Polders">polders</span> and a <span href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</span> across the <span href="/w/index.php?title=Sloe_%28strait%29&action=edit" class="new" title="Sloe (strait)">Sloe</span> <span href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">strait</span> have connected it to the (former) island of <span href="/wiki/Zuid-Beveland" title="Zuid-Beveland">Zuid-Beveland</span>, which in turn has been connected to the <span href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</span> <span href="/wiki/Mainland" title="Mainland">mainland</span>.<br /> <span name="History" id="History"></span><br /> <b> History</b><br /> Already in Roman days, the island was the point of departure for ships going to England and it had a temple of the goddess <span href="/wiki/Nehalennia" title="Nehalennia">Nehalennia</span> who was popular with those who wished to brave the waters of the North Sea. The Romans called it "Wallacra". Walcheren was the seat of the <span href="/wiki/Viking" title="Viking">Danish Viking</span> Harald, who conquered the present Netherlands together with his compatriate <span href="/wiki/Rorik_of_Dorestad" title="Rorik of Dorestad">Rorik</span> (or <span href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</span>) in the 9th century. One fringe theory has it that it was the island described by <span href="/wiki/Ibn_Rustah" title="Ibn Rustah">Ibn Rustah</span> as the seat of the <span href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">khagan of the Rus'</span>.<br /> Starting on <span href="/wiki/July_30" title="July 30">July 30</span>, <span href="/wiki/1809" title="1809">1809</span> a <span href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</span> armed force of 39,000 men landed on Walcheren, the <span href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</span>, with a view to assisting the <span href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrians</span> in their war against <span href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</span>, and attacking the <span href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</span> fleet moored at <span href="/wiki/Flushing%2C_Netherlands" title="Flushing, Netherlands">Flushing</span> (Vlissingen). The expedition was a disaster - the Austrians had already been defeated at the <span href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Battle of Wagram</span> and were suing for peace, the French fleet had moved to <span href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</span>, and the British lost over 4,000 men to a disease called "Walcheren Fever", thought to be a combination of <span href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</span> and <span href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</span>. The force was withdrawn in December.<br /> During World War II, the area was fought over in 1940 by Dutch and German troops. The area was again contested in 1944 during the <span href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</span> in the <span href="/wiki/Battle_of_Walcheren_Island" title="Battle of Walcheren Island">Battle of Walcheren Island</span>. The <span href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Infantry_Division" title="2nd Canadian Infantry Division">2nd Canadian Infantry Division</span> cleared South Beveland to the east and approached the island on 31 October 1944. The plan was to cross the Slooe Channel, but leading troops of the 5th Canadian Brigade found that assault boats were useless in the deep much of the channel. The only route open was the 40 metre wide Walcheren Causeway, a mile-long land bridge from South Beveland to the Island. The Canadian Black Watch sent a company across on the evening of 31 October but were stopped. The <span href="/wiki/Calgary_Highlanders" title="Calgary Highlanders">Calgary Highlanders</span> sent two companies over in succession, the second attack opening up a bridgehead on the island. The Highlanders were eventually thrown back, having lost 64 killed and wounded. Le Regiment de Maisonneuve relieved them on the causeway, followed by the <span href="/wiki/Glasgow_Highlanders" title="Glasgow Highlanders">Glasgow Highlanders</span> of the British Army. Meanwhile, on <span href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</span>, <span href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</span>, the British Special Service Brigade landed on the western end of the island in order to silence the German coastal batteries looking out over the <span href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</span>, which was the key opening shipping lanes to <span href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</span>. The amphibious assault (Operation <i><span href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt#Operation_Infatuate:_Capture_of_Walcheren_Island" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Infatuate</span></i>) proved a success and by <span href="/wiki/November_8" title="November 8">November 8</span> all German resistance on the island had been overrun.<br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-25975799385083672382008-04-30T10:32:00.001-07:002008-04-30T10:32:17.328-07:00 <b></b><br /> <img src="http://i.biblio.com/b/842m/122367842-0-m.jpg" alt="Indo-Iranian languages" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> The <b>Indo-Iranian language</b> group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the <span href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</span> family of languages. It consists of four language groups: the <span href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</span>, <span href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</span>, <span href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</span>. The term <b>Aryan languages</b> is also used to refer to the Indo-Iranian languages . The speakers of the <span href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian language</span>, the hypothetical <span href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranians" title="Proto-Indo-Iranians">Proto-Indo-Iranians</span>, are usually associated with the late 3rd millennium BC <span href="/wiki/Sintashta-Petrovka" title="Sintashta-Petrovka">Sintashta-Petrovka</span> culture of <span href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</span>. Their expansion is believed to have been connected with the invention of the <span href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</span>.<br /> The contemporary Indo-Iranian languages form the largest sub-branch of Indo-European, with more than one billion speakers in total, stretching from <span href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</span> (<span href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</span>) and the <span href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</span> (<span href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" title="Ossetic language">Ossetian</span>) to <span href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</span> (<span href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</span> and <span href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</span>). <span href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL</span> in a 2005 estimate counts a total of 308 varieties, the largest in terms of native speakers being <span href="/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani">Hindustani</span> (Hindi and Urdu, ca. 540 million), <span href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</span> (ca. 200 million), <span href="/wiki/Punjabi" title="Punjabi">Punjabi</span> (ca. 80 million), <span href="/wiki/Marathi" title="Marathi">Marathi</span> and <span href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</span> (ca. 70 million each), <span href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</span> (ca. 45 million), <span href="/wiki/Pashto_language" title="Pashto language">Pashto</span> (40 million), <span href="/wiki/Oriya_language" title="Oriya language">Oriya</span> (ca. 30 million), <span href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</span> and <span href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</span> (ca. 20 million each).<br /> <span name="Subdivisions" id="Subdivisions"></span><br /> <b> Subdivisions</b><br /> Indo-European topics<br /> <span href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian Group</span>:<br /> <span href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan Group</span>:<br /> <span href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic languages</span> (sometimes also classified as Indic):<br /> <span href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</span>:<br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian" title="Eastern Iranian">Eastern Iranian</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li>Northeastern<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Avestan_language" title="Avestan language">Avestan</span> (extinct)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</span> (extinct)<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</span> (extinct)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</span> (extinct)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</span> (extinct)<br /> Southeastern<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Pashto_language" title="Pashto language">Pashto</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Pamiri_language" title="Pamiri language">Pamiri</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Western_Iranian" title="Western Iranian">Western Iranian</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li>Northwestern<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Dari_%28Zoroastrian%29" title="Dari (Zoroastrian)">Dari language of Zoroastrians</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Zazaki" title="Zazaki">Zazaki</span><br /> Southwestern ("Persid")<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</span> (extinct)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</span> (extinct)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">New Persian</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Bukhori_language" title="Bukhori language">Bukhori</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</span> / Bakhtiari<br /> <span href="/wiki/Tat_language" title="Tat language">Tat</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" title="Pāli">Pāli</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="List of Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central Zone</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani">Hindustani</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Romany_language" title="Romany language">Romani/Romany</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="List of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern Zone</span> (<span href="/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadhan</span> <span href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</span> languages)<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Angika_language" title="Angika language">Angika</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Magadhi_language" title="Magadhi language">Magadhi</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Oriya_language" title="Oriya language">Oriya</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Pahari_languages" title="Pahari languages">Northern Zone</span> (<span href="/wiki/Pahari" title="Pahari">Pahari</span> languages)<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</span><br /> Northwestern Zone<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Khojki" title="Khojki">Khojki</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Kutchi" title="Kutchi">Kutchi</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Rajasthani_language" title="Rajasthani language">Rajasthani</span><br /> Southern Zone<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Dhivehi_language" title="Dhivehi language">Dhivehi</span> / <span href="/wiki/Mahl_language" title="Mahl language">Mahl</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Sinhalese_language" title="Sinhalese language">Sinhala</span><br /> Western Zone<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Domaaki_language" title="Domaaki language">Domaaki</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun_language" title="Kalasha-mun language">Kalsha-mun</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Khowar_language" title="Khowar language">Khowar</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Kohistani_language" title="Kohistani language">Kohistani</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Ningalami_language&action=edit" class="new" title="Ningalami language">Ningalami</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Pashayi_language" title="Pashayi language">Pashayi</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Palula" title="Palula">Palula</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Askunu_language" title="Askunu language">Ashkunu</span> (Ashkun)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Kamkata-viri_language" title="Kamkata-viri language">Kamkata-viri</span> (Bashgali)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Vasi-vari_language" title="Vasi-vari language">Vasi-vari</span> (Prasuni)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Tregami_language" title="Tregami language">Tregami</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Kalasha-ala_language" title="Kalasha-ala language">Kalasha-ala</span> (Waigali) yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-53767492582301895672008-04-29T10:37:00.000-07:002008-04-29T10:38:01.472-07:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Fort Ross</b> is a former <span href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</span> settlement in what is now <span href="/wiki/Sonoma_County%2C_California" title="Sonoma County, California">Sonoma County, California</span> in the <span href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</span>. It is a unique site that has recently been the subject of intensive <span href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</span> investigation, and is designated as a <span href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</span>. Most of the existing buildings on the site are reconstructions. The only original structure remaining is Rotchev House, the residence of the last manager.<br /> The exact origin of the toponym "Ross" is unknown but it is generally considered to be a poetical shortened version of "Rossiya," which is "<span href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</span>" in <span href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</span>.<br /> <span name="History" id="History"></span><br /> <b> History</b><br /> Ivan Alexandrovich Kuskov, a skillful Russian-American Company administrator, served for 22 years in Alaska. He was the founder of Fort Ross and was its colonial administrator from <span href="/wiki/1812" title="1812">1812</span> to <span href="/wiki/1821" title="1821">1821</span>.<br /> <i>List of all administrators of the Fort Ross colony:</i><br /> <span name="Other_meanings" id="Other_meanings"></span><br /> Ivan A. Kuskov, 1812—1821<br /> Karl J von Schmidt, 1821—1824<br /> Paul I. Shelikhov, 1824—1830<br /> Peter S. Kostromitinov, 1830—1838<br /> Alexander G. Rotchev, 1838—1841 <b> Other meanings</b><br /> <span name="Buildings" id="Buildings"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/1784" title="1784">1784</span> — <span href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russians</span> settle at <span href="/wiki/Kodiak_Island" title="Kodiak Island">Kodiak Island</span>, <span href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</span>.<br /> <span href="/wiki/1799" title="1799">1799</span> — <span href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russians</span> establish a post at <span href="/wiki/Sitka_City_and_Borough%2C_Alaska" title="Sitka City and Borough, Alaska">Sitka</span>, <span href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</span>.<br /> <span href="/wiki/1806" title="1806">1806</span>–<span href="/wiki/1811" title="1811">1811</span> — Nikolai Rezanov, representing the Russian-American Company, visits the Presidio of San Francisco and susequently recommends to the Company that a settlement in California be established to supply the Alaskan colonies with food. Ivan Kuskov explores the coast of <span href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</span>.<br /> <span href="/wiki/1812" title="1812">1812</span> — Kuskov brought 25 Russians and 80 native Alaskans to the California coast and established Fort Ross.<br /> <span href="/wiki/1821" title="1821">1821</span> — Kuskov leaves Fort Ross and is replaced by Karl Schmidt.<br /> <span href="/wiki/1824" title="1824">1824</span> — Schmidt leaves Fort Ross and is replaced by Paul Shelikhov.<br /> <span href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</span> — Shelikhov leaves Fort Ross and is replaced by Peter Kostromitinov.<br /> <span href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</span> — Kostromitinov leaves Fort Ross and is replaced by Alexander Rotchev.<br /> <span href="/wiki/1841" title="1841">1841</span> — Rotchev sells Fort Ross to <span href="/wiki/John_Sutter" title="John Sutter">John Sutter</span>.<br /> <span href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</span> — The San Francisco earthquake nearly destroys Fort Ross.<br /> <span href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</span> — Fort Ross is restored.<br /> <span href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</span> — A fire at Fort Ross again nearly destroys the former settlement.<br /> <span href="/wiki/1971" title="1971">1971</span> — Fort Ross is once again restored. <img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6IE_DsDsKoBTzv8DidHLOhbIz1wPiZHlWQClohRoJhtCEsF8FXlq0ZiUuEu9z4ePshqnOwzlDc4D48Dg7NMJiJrWWVFjHHDeFzfrKC_PdH_qQS8cCu4UI4aV5pxrZx1SX9j8K4c9dA2dv/s320/link_1_102.jpg" alt="Fort Ross" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Buildings</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-43955325025687639222008-04-27T08:47:00.001-07:002008-04-27T08:47:02.491-07:00 <b></b><br /> <small>This article is part of the series:</small><img src="http://www.kistabroadband.se/images/meeting.jpg" alt="Alliance for Sweden" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b><span href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Politics and government of Sweden</span></b><br /> <b>Alliance for Sweden</b> (<span href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</span>: <span lang="sv" xml:lang="sv"><i>Allians för Sverige</i></span>) is a political alliance in <span href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</span>. It consists of the four <span href="/wiki/Centre-right" title="Centre-right">centre-right</span> <span href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">parties</span> in the <span href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</span>. Although it was formed while in <span href="/wiki/Opposition_%28parliamentary%29" title="Opposition (parliamentary)">opposition</span>, it achieved a majority in the <span href="/wiki/Swedish_general_election%2C_2006" title="Swedish general election, 2006">general election</span> of <span href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">17 September</span> <span href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</span>, forming the current <span href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</span>.<br /> <span name="Membership_of_the_Alliance" id="Membership_of_the_Alliance"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden" title="Constitution of Sweden">Constitution</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Monarch_of_Sweden" title="Monarch of Sweden">King</span>: <span href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf_of_Sweden" title="Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden">Carl XVI Gustaf</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sweden" title="Parliament of Sweden">Parliament</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_parliament_of_Sweden" title="Speaker of the parliament of Sweden">Speaker</span>: <span href="/wiki/Per_Westerberg" title="Per Westerberg">Per Westerberg</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Swedish_Riksdag%2C_2006-2010" title="List of members of the Swedish Riksdag, 2006-2010">Members</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Government</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Prime Minister</span>: <span href="/wiki/Fredrik_Reinfeldt" title="Fredrik Reinfeldt">Fredrik Reinfeldt</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Fredrik_Reinfeldt" title="Cabinet of Fredrik Reinfeldt">Cabinet</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden#Government_Ministries_and_Offices" title="Government of Sweden">Ministries</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Government_agencies_in_Sweden" title="Government agencies in Sweden">Agencies</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sweden" title="Supreme Court of Sweden">Supreme Court</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Counties_of_Sweden" title="Counties of Sweden">Counties</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/List_of_County_Governors_of_Sweden" title="List of County Governors of Sweden">Governors</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/County_Administrative_Boards_of_Sweden" title="County Administrative Boards of Sweden">Administrative Boards</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/County_Councils_of_Sweden" title="County Councils of Sweden">Councils</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden" title="Municipalities of Sweden">Municipalities</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Sami_Parliament" title="Sami Parliament">Sami Parliament</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sweden" title="Elections in Sweden">Elections</span>: <span href="/wiki/Swedish_general_election%2C_2002" title="Swedish general election, 2002">2002</span> - <span href="/wiki/Swedish_general_election%2C_2006" title="Swedish general election, 2006">2006</span> - <span href="/wiki/Swedish_general_election%2C_2010" title="Swedish general election, 2010">2010</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Sweden" title="Referendums in Sweden">Referendums</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sweden" title="List of political parties in Sweden">Political parties</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sweden" title="Foreign relations of Sweden">Foreign relations</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">EU Politics</span> <b> Membership of the Alliance</b><br /> <span href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Swedish politics</span> has been dominated by the <span href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Social Democratic Party</span> for over 70 years. They have been in <span href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</span> for all but nine years (summer of 1936, 1976-1982, 1991-1994) since 1932. The opposition parties decided that this was partly because they did not present a clear and viable alternative government. At a <span href="/wiki/Meeting" title="Meeting">meeting</span> held in the Centre Party leader Maud Olofsson's home in the village of Högfors, the four party leaders decided to form an alliance. The meeting ended on <span href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">31 August</span> <span href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</span> with the presentation of a joint declaration outlining the principles under which the four parties intended to fight the election <span href="http://www.maktskifte06.se/fileadmin/Upload/pdf/borgerligtmanifest.pdf" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.maktskifte06.se/fileadmin/Upload/pdf/borgerligtmanifest.pdf" rel="nofollow">[1]</span>. A year later a similar meeting was held at Christian Democrat leader Göran Hägglund's home in Bankeryd, resulting in the affirmation of the alliance and another <span href="/wiki/Declaration" title="Declaration">declaration</span> <span href="http://www.maktskifte06.se/fileadmin/Upload/pdf/Bankeryd050831.pdf" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.maktskifte06.se/fileadmin/Upload/pdf/Bankeryd050831.pdf" rel="nofollow">[2]</span>.<br /> <span name="Aims_and_Policies_of_the_Alliance" id="Aims_and_Policies_of_the_Alliance"></span><br /> <b> The Alliance in government</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Sweden_general_election%2C_2006" title="Sweden general election, 2006">Sweden general election, 2006</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Government of Sweden</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Fredrik_Reinfeldt" title="Cabinet of Fredrik Reinfeldt">Cabinet of Fredrik Reinfeldt</span> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-64813809626464546962008-04-26T08:05:00.000-07:002008-04-26T08:07:11.411-07:00 <b></b><br /> <big><b><span href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</span></b></big> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Scotland.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Scotland"><img alt="Flag of Scotland" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/150px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" width="150" height="90" border="0" /></span> <small>This article is part of the series:</small><img src="http://www.filmzene.net/images/dijak/c_karlin_lovers_other_dijak.jpg" alt="Arthur Hamilton, Lord Hamilton" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b><span href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">Courts of Scotland</span></b><br /> <b>Administration</b><br /> <span href="/wiki/Scottish_Executive_Justice_Department" title="Scottish Executive Justice Department">Scottish Executive Justice Department</span><br /> <dl><br /> <dd><span href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Justice" title="Cabinet Secretary for Justice">Cabinet Secretary for Justice</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Scottish_Court_Service" title="Scottish Court Service">Scottish Court Service</span><br /> <dl><br /> <dd><span href="/wiki/College_of_Justice" title="College of Justice">College of Justice</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Scottish_Criminal_Cases_Review_Commission" title="Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission">Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Scottish_Prison_Service" title="Scottish Prison Service">Scottish Prison Service</span><br /> <b>Civil courts</b><br /> <span href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Privy Council</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Judicial functions of the House of Lords">House of Lords</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</span><br /> <dl><br /> <dd><span href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Court_of_Session" title="Lord President of the Court of Session">Lord President</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Senator_of_the_College_of_Justice" title="Senator of the College of Justice">Lords of Session</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Sheriff_Court" title="Sheriff Court">Sheriff Court</span><br /> <dl><br /> <dd><span href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">Sheriff</span><br /> <b>Criminal courts</b><br /> <span href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</span><br /> <dl><br /> <dd><span href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Court_of_Session" title="Lord President of the Court of Session">Lord Justice-General</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Senator_of_the_College_of_Justice" title="Senator of the College of Justice">Lords Commissioner of Justiciary</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Sheriff_Court" title="Sheriff Court">Sheriff Court</span><br /> <dl><br /> <dd><span href="/wiki/Sheriff_Principal" title="Sheriff Principal">Sheriff Principal</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">Sheriff</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_Scotland" title="District Courts of Scotland">District Court</span><br /> <dl><br /> <dd><span href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace" title="Justice of the Peace">Justice of the Peace</span><br /> <b>Special courts</b><br /> <span href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Lord_Lyon" title="Court of the Lord Lyon">Court of the Lord Lyon</span><br /> <dl><br /> <dd><span href="/wiki/Lord_Lyon_King_of_Arms" title="Lord Lyon King of Arms">Lord Lyon King of Arms</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Children%27s_Hearings" title="Children's Hearings">Children's Hearings</span><br /> <b>Criminal justice</b><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lord_Advocate" title="Lord Advocate">Lord Advocate</span><br /> <dl><br /> <dd><span href="/wiki/Crown_Office" title="Crown Office">Crown Office</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Advocate_Depute" title="Advocate Depute">Advocate Depute</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Procurator_Fiscal" title="Procurator Fiscal">Procurator Fiscal</span><br /> <b>Advocates and solicitors</b><br /> <span href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Advocates" title="Faculty of Advocates">Faculty of Advocates</span><br /> <dl><br /> <dd><span href="/wiki/Advocate" title="Advocate">Advocate</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Law_Society_of_Scotland" title="Law Society of Scotland">Law Society of Scotland</span><br /> <dl><br /> <dd><span href="/wiki/Solicitor-Advocate" title="Solicitor-Advocate">Solicitor-Advocate</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">Solicitor</span><br /> <b>Arthur Campbell Hamilton, Lord Hamilton</b>, <span href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">PC</span> (born <span href="/wiki/Glasgow%2C_Scotland" title="Glasgow, Scotland">Glasgow</span>, <span href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">10 June</span> <span href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</span>), is <span href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</span>'s most senior judge. He was chosen as <span href="/wiki/Lord_Justice_General" title="Lord Justice General">Lord Justice General</span> and <span href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Court_of_Session" title="Lord President of the Court of Session">Lord President of the Court of Session</span> in November <span href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</span>, succeeding <span href="/wiki/William_Cullen%2C_Baron_Cullen_of_Whitekirk" title="William Cullen, Baron Cullen of Whitekirk">Lord Cullen</span>.<br /> Arthur Campbell Hamilton was born in Glasgow and attended <span href="/wiki/Glasgow_High_School" title="Glasgow High School">Glasgow High School</span>. He studied at the <span href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</span>, <span href="/wiki/Worcester_College%2C_Oxford" title="Worcester College, Oxford">Worcester College</span>, <span href="/wiki/Oxford_University" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</span> and <span href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University" title="Edinburgh University">Edinburgh University</span>, where he gained an <span href="/wiki/LLB" title="LLB">LLB</span> in <span href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</span>.<br /> He was admitted to the <span href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Advocates" title="Faculty of Advocates">Faculty of Advocates</span> in <span href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</span> and became a <span href="/wiki/Queens_Counsel" title="Queens Counsel">QC</span> in <span href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</span>. He was an <span href="/wiki/Advocate_Depute" title="Advocate Depute">Advocate Depute</span> (1982–1985), Chairman of the Medical Appeals Tribunals (1988–<span href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</span>) and President of the Pensions Appeal Tribunal (Scotland) (1992–1995). Over several months in 1992–1993, during the indisposition of the <span href="/wiki/Sheriff_Principal" title="Sheriff Principal">Sheriff Principal</span> of <span href="/wiki/Tayside" title="Tayside">Tayside</span>, <span href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central</span> and <span href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</span>, he acted as a temporary <span href="/wiki/Sheriff_Principal" title="Sheriff Principal">Sheriff Principal</span> in that <span href="/wiki/Sheriffdom" title="Sheriffdom">sheriffdom</span>. From <span href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</span> to <span href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</span> he was a <span href="/wiki/Judge_of_Appeal" title="Judge of Appeal">Judge of Appeal</span> of the <span href="/w/index.php?title=Courts_of_Appeal_of_Jersey_and_Guernsey&action=edit" class="new" title="Courts of Appeal of Jersey and Guernsey">Courts of Appeal of Jersey and Guernsey</span>.<br /> In 1995 he was appointed as a <span href="/wiki/Senator_of_the_College_of_Justice" title="Senator of the College of Justice">Senator of the College of Justice</span>. Between <span href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</span>-<span href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</span> he was a full-time commercial judge dedicated to commercial business and responsible for oversight of that aspect of <span href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</span> business. In January <span href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</span> he was appointed as a Judge of the Inner House of the <span href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</span> where he sat principally on <span href="/wiki/Appellate" title="Appellate">appellate</span> business.<br /> On <span href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">24 November</span> <span href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</span>, the <span href="/wiki/Scottish_Executive" title="Scottish Executive">Scottish Executive</span> announced that he would succeed Lord Cullen as Lord Justice General and Lord President of the Court of Session. He took up office on <span href="/wiki/December_2" title="December 2">2 December</span>. He took full-time sick leave from April 2006, prompting emergency legislation (the <span href="/wiki/Senior_Judiciary_%28Vacancies_and_Incapacity%29_%28Scotland%29_Act_2006" title="Senior Judiciary (Vacancies and Incapacity) (Scotland) Act 2006">Senior Judiciary (Vacancies and Incapacity) (Scotland) Act 2006</span>) to be passed through the <span href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</span> in June. He has since returned to work, without the need for the legislation to be invoked.<br /> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-77215396006106195622008-04-25T09:47:00.001-07:002008-04-25T09:47:43.890-07:00 <b></b><br /> <b><span href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress">Best Supporting Actress</span></b> 1974 <i><span href="/wiki/Murder_on_the_Orient_Express_%281974_film%29" title="Murder on the Orient Express (1974 film)">Murder on the Orient Express</span></i><br /> 1982 <i><span href="/wiki/A_Woman_Called_Golda" title="A Woman Called Golda">A Woman Called Golda</span></i><br /> <b><span href="/wiki/List_of_Golden_Globe_Awards:_Mini-series%2C_Best_Actress" title="List of Golden Globe Awards: Mini-series, Best Actress">Best Actress - Miniseries</span></b> 1983 <i><span href="/wiki/A_Woman_Called_Golda" title="A Woman Called Golda">A Woman Called Golda</span></i><br /> <span class="unicode audiolink"><span href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Sv-Ingrid_Bergman.ogg" class="internal" title="Sv-Ingrid Bergman.ogg"><b>Ingrid Bergman</b></span></span> <span class="metadata audiolinkinfo"><small>(<span href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help">help</span>·<span href="/wiki/Image:Sv-Ingrid_Bergman.ogg" title="Image:Sv-Ingrid Bergman.ogg">info</span>)</small></span> (pronounced <span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA">[ˈbærjman]</span> in <span href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</span>, but usually <span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA">[ˈbɝgmən]</span> in <span href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</span>, <span href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</span> notation) (<span href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</span>, <span href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">1915</span> – <span href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</span>, <span href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</span>) was a three-time <span href="/wiki/Academy_Award" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</span>-winning and two-time <span href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Award</span>-winning <span href="/wiki/Swedish_people" title="Swedish people">Swedish</span> <span href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actress</span>. She also won the <span href="/wiki/Tony_Award" title="Tony Award">Tony Award</span> for <span href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Performance_by_a_Leading_Actress_in_a_Play" title="Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play">Best Actress</span> in the <span href="/wiki/1st_Tony_Awards" title="1st Tony Awards">first Tony Award ceremony</span> in <span href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</span>. She is ranked as the <span href="/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years..._100_Stars" title="AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars">fourth greatest female star</span> of all time by the <span href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</span>.<br /> <span name="Biography" id="Biography"></span><br /> <b> Biography</b><br /> Bergman, named after <span href="/wiki/Ingrid_of_Sweden" title="Ingrid of Sweden">Princess Ingrid of Sweden</span> , was born in <span href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</span>, <span href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</span> on <span href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</span>, <span href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">1915</span> to a Swedish father, Justus Samuel Bergman, and a German mother, Friedel Adler Bergman. When she was three years old, her mother died. Her father passed away when she was thirteen. She was then sent off to live with an aunt, who died of heart complications only six months later. Afterwards she was raised by another aunt and uncle, who had five children.<br /> At the age of 17, Ingrid Bergman auditioned for and was accepted to the <span href="/wiki/Royal_Dramatic_Theatre" title="Royal Dramatic Theatre">Royal Dramatic Theatre</span> in Stockholm. During her first summer break, she was hired at a Swedish film studio, which consequently led to her leaving the <span href="/wiki/Royal_Dramatic_Theater" title="Royal Dramatic Theater">Royal Dramatic Theater</span> to work in films full time, after having attended for only one year. Her first film role after leaving the Royal Dramatic Theater was a small part in 1935's <i><span href="/w/index.php?title=Munkbrogreven&action=edit" class="new" title="Munkbrogreven">Munkbrogreven</span></i> (She had previously been an extra in the 1932 film <i><span href="/w/index.php?title=Landskamp&action=edit" class="new" title="Landskamp">Landskamp</span></i>).<br /> On <span href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</span>, <span href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</span>, at the age of 21, she married a dentist, Petter Lindström (who would later become a neurosurgeon). On <span href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">September 20</span>, <span href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</span>, she gave birth to a daughter, <span href="/wiki/Pia_Lindstr%C3%B6m" title="Pia Lindström">Pia Lindström</span>.<br /> After a dozen films in Sweden (including <i><span href="/w/index.php?title=En_kvinnas_ansikte&action=edit" class="new" title="En kvinnas ansikte">En kvinnas ansikte</span></i> which would later be remade as <i><span href="/wiki/A_Woman%27s_Face" title="A Woman's Face">A Woman's Face</span></i> with <span href="/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford">Joan Crawford</span>) and one in <span href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</span>, Bergman was signed by Hollywood producer <span href="/wiki/David_O._Selznick" title="David O. Selznick">David O. Selznick</span> to star in the <span href="/wiki/Intermezzo_%281939_film%29" title="Intermezzo (1939 film)">1939 English language remake</span> of her 1936 Swedish language film, <i><span href="/wiki/Intermezzo_%281936_film%29" title="Intermezzo (1936 film)">Intermezzo</span></i>. It was an enormous success and Bergman became a star, described as "Sweden's illustrious gift to <span href="/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood">Hollywood</span>". Some things that set her apart from other female stars in Hollywood at that time were that she did not change her name, her appearance was entirely natural with little to no makeup, and that she was one of the tallest leading ladies.<br /> <span name="Hollywood_period:_1938-1949" id="Hollywood_period:_1938-1949"></span><br /> <b> Early years: 1915-1938</b><br /> After completing one last film in Sweden and appearing in three moderately successful films in the <span href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</span>, Bergman joined <span href="/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart" title="Humphrey Bogart">Humphrey Bogart</span> in the 1942 classic film <i><span href="/wiki/Casablanca_%28film%29" title="Casablanca (film)">Casablanca</span></i>, which remains her best known role.<br /> That same year, she received her first Academy Award nomination for <span href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Best Actress</span> for <i><span href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls_%28film%29" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls (film)">For Whom the Bell Tolls</span></i> (1943), which was also her first color film. The following year, she won the <span href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Academy Award for Best Actress</span> for <i><span href="/wiki/Gaslight_%281944_film%29" title="Gaslight (1944 film)">Gaslight</span></i> (1944). She received a third consecutive nomination for Best Actress with her performance as a nun in <i><span href="/wiki/The_Bells_of_St._Mary%27s" title="The Bells of St. Mary's">The Bells of St. Mary's</span></i> (1945). Bergman had been considered for the role of Mother Maria-Veronica in 1944's <i><span href="/wiki/The_Keys_of_the_Kingdom" title="The Keys of the Kingdom">The Keys of the Kingdom</span></i>, but the part ultimately went to Rose Stradner, who was then the wife of the film's producer, <span href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph Mankiewicz</span>.<br /> Later, she would receive another Best Actress nomination for <i><span href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc_%281948_film%29" title="Joan of Arc (1948 film)">Joan of Arc</span></i> (1948), an independent film produced by <span href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</span> and initially released through <span href="/wiki/RKO" title="RKO">RKO</span>. Bergman had championed the role since her arrival in Hollywood, which is one of the reasons she had played it on the Broadway stage in <span href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Maxwell Anderson</span>'s <i><span href="/wiki/Joan_of_Lorraine" title="Joan of Lorraine">Joan of Lorraine</span></i>. Partly because of the scandal with Rossellini, the film, based on the Anderson play, was not a big hit, and received disastrous reviews. It was subsequently shorn of 45 minutes, and it was not until its restoration to full length in 1998 and its 2004 appearance on <span href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</span> that later audiences could see it as it was intended to be shown.<br /> Bergman also starred in the <span href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</span> films <i><span href="/wiki/Spellbound_%281945_film%29" title="Spellbound (1945 film)">Spellbound</span></i> (1945), <i><span href="/wiki/Notorious_%281946_film%29" title="Notorious (1946 film)">Notorious</span></i> (1946), and <i><span href="/wiki/Under_Capricorn" title="Under Capricorn">Under Capricorn</span></i> (1949). Unlike her earlier Hitchcock films, <i>Under Capricorn</i> was a slow-paced costume drama, slow to such a degree that Bergman's reputation and the film's release suffered from this, in addition to the gathering adverse publicity over Bergman's affair with Rossellini.<br /> Between motion pictures, Bergman appeared in the stage plays <i><span href="/wiki/Liliom" title="Liliom">Liliom</span></i>, <i><span href="/wiki/Anna_Christie" title="Anna Christie">Anna Christie</span></i>, and <i><span href="/wiki/Joan_of_Lorraine" title="Joan of Lorraine">Joan of Lorraine</span></i>. Furthermore, during a press conference in Washington, D.C. for the promotion of <i>Joan of Lorraine</i>, she protested against segregation after seeing it first hand at the theater she was acting in. This led to a lot of publicity and some hate mail.<br /> Ingrid Bergman also went to Alaska during World War II in order to entertain troops. Soon after the war ended, she also went to Europe for the same purpose, where she was able to see the devastation caused by the war. It was also during this time that she began a relationship with the famous photographer <span href="/wiki/Robert_Capa" title="Robert Capa">Robert Capa</span>.<br /> <span name="Italian_period:_1949-1957" id="Italian_period:_1949-1957"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.library.yale.edu/humanities/film/bergman.jpg" alt="Ingrid Bergman" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Hollywood period: 1938-1949</b><br /> In 1949, Bergman met <span href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</span> <span href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">director</span> <span href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</span> in order to make the film <i><span href="/wiki/Stromboli_%28film%29" title="Stromboli (film)">Stromboli</span></i> (1950), after having been a fan of two of his previous films that she had seen while in the United States. During the making of this movie, she fell in love with him and became pregnant with a son, Roberto Ingmar Rossellini (born <span href="/wiki/February_7" title="February 7">February 7</span>, <span href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</span>).<br /> The pregnancy caused a huge scandal in the United States. It even led to her being denounced on the floor of the <span href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</span> by <span href="/wiki/Edwin_C._Johnson" title="Edwin C. Johnson">Edwin C. Johnson</span>, a senator from <span href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</span>, who referred to her as "a horrible example of womanhood and a powerful influence for evil." In addition, there was a floor vote, which resulted in her being made <span href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">persona non grata</span>. The scandal forced Ingrid Bergman to exile herself to Italy, leaving her husband and daughter in the United States. Her husband, Dr. Petter Lindström, eventually sued for desertion and waged a custody battle for their daughter.<br /> Ingrid Bergman married Roberto Rossellini on <span href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</span>, <span href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</span>. On <span href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</span>, <span href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</span>, she gave birth to twin daughters, <span href="/wiki/Isabella_Rossellini" title="Isabella Rossellini">Isabella Rossellini</span>, who is a famous actress and model, and <span href="/wiki/Ingrid_Rossellini" title="Ingrid Rossellini">Isotta Ingrid Rossellini</span>. Over the next few years, she appeared in several Italian films for Rossellini, including <i>Giovanna d'Arco al rogo</i> (<i><span href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc_au_b%C3%BBcher" title="Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher">Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher</span></i>, <i>Joan of Arc at the Stake</i>, 1954), a 1935 dramatic <span href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</span> by <span href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Arthur Honegger</span> about Joan of Arc. Their marriage ended in divorce on <span href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</span>, <span href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</span>.<br /> After separating from Rossellini, she starred in <span href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</span>'s <i><span href="/wiki/Elena_and_Her_Men" title="Elena and Her Men">Elena and Her Men</span></i> (<i>Elena et les Hommes</i>, 1956), a romantic comedy where she played a Polish princess caught in political intrigue. Although the film wasn't a success, it has since come to be regarded as one of her best performances.<br /> During her time in Italy, anger over her private life had continued unabated in the United States, with <span href="/wiki/Ed_Sullivan" title="Ed Sullivan">Ed Sullivan</span> at one point infamously polling his TV show audience as to whether she should be forgiven.<br /> <span name="Later_years:_1957-1982" id="Later_years:_1957-1982"></span><br /> <b> Later years: 1957-1982</b><br /> Ingrid Bergman died in 1982 <span href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_on_their_birthdays" title="List of people who died on their birthdays">on her 67th birthday</span> in <span href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</span>, <span href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</span>, following a long battle with <span href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</span>. Her body was cremated in Sweden. Most of her ashes were scattered in the sea with the remainder being interred in the <span href="/wiki/Norra_begravningsplatsen" title="Norra begravningsplatsen">Norra begravningsplatsen</span> in <span href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</span> next to her parents. A single violin played the song "<span href="/wiki/As_Time_Goes_By_%28song%29" title="As Time Goes By (song)">As Time Goes By</span>", the theme from <i>Casablanca,</i> recalling her most famous role, that of Ilsa Lund.<br /> <span name="Autobiography" id="Autobiography"></span><br /> <b> Death</b><br /> In 1980, Bergman's autobiography was published under the title <i>Ingrid Bergman: My Story</i>. It was written with the help of <span href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Burgess&action=edit" class="new" title="Alan Burgess">Alan Burgess</span>, who had written the book <i>The Small Woman,</i> on which the film <i><span href="/wiki/The_Inn_of_the_Sixth_Happiness" title="The Inn of the Sixth Happiness">The Inn of the Sixth Happiness</span></i> was based. In the book, she discusses her childhood, her early career, her life during her time in Hollywood, the Rossellini scandal and subsequent events. The book was written after her children warned her that she would only be known through rumors and interviews if she did not tell her own story. It was through this autobiography that her affair with <span href="/wiki/Robert_Capa" title="Robert Capa">Robert Capa</span> became known.<br /> <span name="Legacy" id="Legacy"></span><br /> <b> Autobiography</b><br /> For her contributions to the motion picture industry, Ingrid Bergman has a star on the <span href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</span> at 6759 Hollywood Blvd. She continues to be a cultural icon - not only for her role in <i><span href="/wiki/Casablanca_%28film%29" title="Casablanca (film)">Casablanca</span></i>, but for her career as a whole and for her innocent, natural beauty. In addition, she is considered by many to be one of the foremost actresses of the 20th century.<br /> <span name="Trivia" id="Trivia"></span><br /> <b> Legacy</b><br /> <span name="Awards" id="Awards"></span><br /> There is a hybrid tea rose named after her.<br /> Although they worked together, Bergman is not related to fellow Swedish director <span href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</span>. The fact that Ingmar Bergman married <span href="/wiki/Ingrid_von_Rosen" title="Ingrid von Rosen">Ingrid von Rosen</span> who subsequently took the name Ingrid Bergman sometimes further contributes to confusion about their relation. <b> Trivia</b><br /> <span name="Chronology_of_performances" id="Chronology_of_performances"></span><br /> <b> Awards</b><br /> <span name="Filmography" id="Filmography"></span><br /> <b> Chronology of performances</b><br /> <span name="Television_credits" id="Television_credits"></span><br /> <b> Filmography</b><br /> <span name="Theater_credits" id="Theater_credits"></span><br /> <b> Television credits</b><br /> <span name="Audio_recording_credits" id="Audio_recording_credits"></span><br /> <b> Theater credits</b><br /> <span name="Radio_credits" id="Radio_credits"></span><br /> <b> Audio recording credits</b><br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> <b> Radio credits</b><br /> <span name="Notes" id="Notes"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Victor_Fleming" title="Victor Fleming">Victor Fleming</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart" title="Humphrey Bogart">Humphrey Bogart</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</span> <b> See also</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <b> Notes</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Bergman, Ingrid and Burgess, Alan (1980). <i>Ingrid Bergman: My Story</i>. New York: Delacorte Press. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0440032997" class="internal">ISBN 0-440032-99-7</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ingrid+Bergman%3A+My+Story&rft.au=Bergman%2C+Ingrid+and+Burgess%2C+Alan&rft.pub=Delacorte+Press&rft.place=New+York&rft.isbn=0-440032-99-7"> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Chandler, Charlotte (2007). <i>Ingrid: Ingrid Bergman, A Personal Biography</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0743294211" class="internal">ISBN 0-7432-9421-1</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ingrid%3A+Ingrid+Bergman%2C+A+Personal+Biography&rft.au=Chandler%2C+Charlotte&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.place=New+York&rft.isbn=0-7432-9421-1"> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Leamer, Laurence (1986). <i>As Time Goes By: The Life of Ingrid Bergman</i>. New York: Harper & Row. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0060154853" class="internal">ISBN 0-060154-85-3</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+Time+Goes+By%3A+The+Life+of+Ingrid+Bergman&rft.au=Leamer%2C+Laurence&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.place=New+York&rft.isbn=0-060154-85-3"> </span> <b> Biographical profiles</b><br /> <span name="Interviews" id="Interviews"></span><br /> <span href="http://www.ingridbergman.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.ingridbergman.org/" rel="nofollow">Ingrid Bergman website by her family</span><br /> <span href="http://www.ingridbergman.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.ingridbergman.com/" rel="nofollow">Ingrid Bergman site run by CMG</span><br /> <span href="http://www.wesleyan.edu/cinema/collections/bergman.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.wesleyan.edu/cinema/collections/bergman.htm" rel="nofollow">Ingrid Bergman Collection</span> at <span href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan University</span> <b> Official sites</b><br /> <span name="Rich_media_.E2.80.94_video" id="Rich_media_.E2.80.94_video"></span><br /> <span href="http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/movies/bestpictures/casablanca-ar.html" class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/movies/bestpictures/casablanca-ar.html" rel="nofollow">1943 New York Times Interview</span><br /> <span href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0312/04/lkl.00.html" class="external text" title="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0312/04/lkl.00.html" rel="nofollow">Larry King transcript</span> with Ingrid Bergman's daughters on the 60th anniversary of <i>Casablanca</i><br /> <span href="http://www.salon.com/july97/mothers/rossellini970704.html" class="external text" title="http://www.salon.com/july97/mothers/rossellini970704.html" rel="nofollow">Excerpt from Isabella Rossellini's <i>Some of Me</i> that describes Ingrid Bergman's passion for cleaning</span> <b> Rich media — video</b><br /> <span name="Others" id="Others"></span><br /> Radio rich media may be found in the radio credits table.<br /> <span href="http://www.kiddierecords.com/2006/archive/week_47.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.kiddierecords.com/2006/archive/week_47.htm" rel="nofollow">Ingrid Bergman's Spoken Word Version of The Pied Piper of Hamelin</span><br /> <span href="http://www.eoneill.com/artifacts/audio_page/MSM1_audio.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.eoneill.com/artifacts/audio_page/MSM1_audio.htm" rel="nofollow">Audio Recording of Ingrid Bergman in the NY Production of <i>More Stately Mansions</i> (1967)</span> (<span href="/wiki/RealPlayer" title="RealPlayer">RealPlayer</span>) yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-87286478254051820632008-04-24T08:18:00.000-07:002008-04-24T11:39:01.613-07:00<img src="http://www.theambassadors.com/common_graphics/productions/p17_m1.jpg" alt="Jonathan Wilkes" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Jonathan Wilkes</b> (born <span href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</span>, <span href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</span> in <span href="/wiki/Baddeley_Green" title="Baddeley Green">Baddeley Green</span>, <span href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</span>) is an <span href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</span> <span href="/wiki/Television_presenter" title="Television presenter">television presenter</span>, <span href="/wiki/Acting" title="Acting">actor</span> and <span href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musician</span>. Wilkes is arguably as famous as a <span href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrity</span> <span href="/wiki/Football_%28soccer%29" title="Football (soccer)">footballer</span> as he is for his performance skills, in addition to being best-known as the best friend of singer <span href="/wiki/Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</span>.<br /> <span name="Performing_arts" id="Performing_arts"></span><br /> <b> Performing arts</b><br /> Wilkes' television career was launched after he won the <span href="/wiki/Cameron_Mackintosh" title="Cameron Mackintosh">Cameron Mackintosh</span> Young Entertainer of the Year award in 1996. This led to television work on the <span href="/wiki/BBC_Choice" title="BBC Choice">BBC Choice</span> (now <span href="/wiki/BBC_Three" title="BBC Three">BBC Three</span>) programme <i>Hype</i>. He soon signed a three-year contract with <span href="/wiki/ITV" title="ITV">ITV</span>, fronting <i><span href="/wiki/You%27ve_Been_Framed" title="You've Been Framed">You've Been Framed</span></i> for one series and <i><span href="/wiki/Love_on_a_Saturday_Night" title="Love on a Saturday Night">Love on a Saturday Night</span></i>. Also a singer, he signed to <span href="/wiki/Innocent_Records" title="Innocent Records">Innocent Records</span> in 2001 and released "Just Another Day", which charted in many <span href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</span> countries. Recently, he has turned to stage acting and has appeared in recent theatre productions of <i><span href="/wiki/Grease_%28musical%29" title="Grease (musical)">Grease</span></i> and <i><span href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Show" title="The Rocky Horror Show">The Rocky Horror Show</span></i>, as well as appearing in <i>Mother Goose</i> - a record-breaking <span href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</span> at The Regent Theatre, in his home town of Stoke-on-Trent. Following record-breaking sales for Mother Goose, Jonathan returned to The Regent Theatre the following year (2006-2007) to appear in Aladdin. Sales for this pantomime surpassed even the previous year and it became the biggest selling show ever at the Stoke-on-Trent theatre.<br /> He joined <span href="/wiki/Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</span> on his 2006 <span href="/wiki/Close_Encounters_Tour" title="Close Encounters Tour">Close Encounters Tour</span>, singing two songs (Me and My Shadow and <span href="/wiki/Strong_%28song%29" title="Strong (song)">Strong</span>), as well as playing a game of football with Robbie on stage.<br /> <span name="Footballing_exploits" id="Footballing_exploits"></span><br /> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-18417478009574727552008-04-23T10:01:00.001-07:002008-04-23T10:01:56.293-07:00 <b></b><br /> <i>This article is about playthings. For other uses of the term, see <span href="/wiki/Toy_%28disambiguation%29" title="Toy (disambiguation)">Toy (disambiguation)</span>.</i><br /> A <b>toy</b> is an object used in <span href="/wiki/Play_%28activity%29" title="Play (activity)">play</span>. Toys are usually associated with <span href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">children</span> and <span href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</span>, but it is not unusual for <span href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adult</span> humans and some non-<span href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</span> <span href="/wiki/Animals" title="Animals">animals</span> to play with toys. Many items are manufactured to serve as toys, but items produced for other purposes can also be used as toys. A child may pick up a household item and 'fly' it around pretending that it is an airplane, or an animal might play with a <span href="/wiki/Pinecone" title="Pinecone">pinecone</span> by batting at it, chasing it, and throwing it up in the air. Some toys are intended primarily as <span href="/wiki/Collectible" title="Collectible">collector</span>'s items and are not to be played with.<br /> The origin of toys is <span href="/wiki/Prehistoric" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</span>; dolls representing <span href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">infants</span>, <span href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</span>, and soldiers, as well as representations of tools used by adults are readily found at archaeological sites. The origin of the word "toy" is unknown, but it is believed that it was first used in the 14th century.<br /> Toys and play in general are an important part of the process of learning about the world and growing up. The young use toys and play to discover their identity, help their bodies grow strong, learn cause and effect, explore relationships, and practice skills they will need as adults. Adults use toys and play to form and strengthen social bonds, teach the young, remember and reinforce lessons from their own youth, exercise their minds and bodies, practice skills they may not use every day, and <span href="/wiki/Decorate" title="Decorate">decorate</span> their living spaces. Toys are more than simple amusement, and they and the way they are used profoundly influence most aspects of life.<br /> <span name="History" id="History"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.comparestoreprices.co.uk/images/bo/born-to-play-engie-benjy-jollop-and-bowl-soft-toy.jpg" alt="Toy" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> History</b><br /> Toys, like play itself, serve multiple purposes in both humans and animals. They provide entertainment while fulfilling an educational role. Toys enhance <span href="/wiki/Cognitive" title="Cognitive">cognitive</span> <span href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</span> and stimulate <span href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</span>. They aid in the development of physical and mental skills which are necessary in later life.<br /> One of the simplest toys, a set of simple wooden <span href="/wiki/Block_%28toy%29" title="Block (toy)">blocks</span> is also one of the best toys for developing minds. Andrew Witkin, director of marketing for <span href="/wiki/Mega_Brands" title="Mega Brands">Mega Brands</span> told Investor's Business Daily that, "They help develop hand-eye coordination, math and science skills and also let kids be creative."<br /> Toys for infants often make use of distinctive sounds, bright colors, and unique <span href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/texture" class="extiw" title="wikt:texture">textures</span>. Through play with toys infants begin to recognize shapes and colors. Repetition reinforces memory. <span href="/wiki/Play-Doh" title="Play-Doh">Play-Doh</span>, <span href="/wiki/Silly_Putty" title="Silly Putty">Silly Putty</span> and other hands-on materials allow the child to make toys of their own.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Educational_toy" title="Educational toy">Educational toys</span> for school age children of often contain a <span href="/wiki/Puzzle" title="Puzzle">puzzle</span>, problem-solving technique, or mathematical proposition. Often toys designed for older audiences, such as teenagers or adults demonstrate advanced concepts. <span href="/wiki/Newton%27s_cradle" title="Newton's cradle">Newton's cradle</span>, a desk toy designed by <span href="/wiki/Simon_Prebble" title="Simon Prebble">Simon Prebble</span>, demonstrates the conservation of momentum and energy.<br /> Not all toys are appropriate for all ages of children. Some toys which are marketed for a specific age range can even harm the development of children in that range.<br /> <span name="Toys_and_gender" id="Toys_and_gender"></span><br /> <b> Toys in child development</b><br /> Certain toys, such as barbies and toy soldiers, are often perceived to be more acceptable for one gender then the other. It has been noted by researchers that, "Children as young as 18 months display sex-stereotyped toy choices".<br /> <span name="Economics" id="Economics"></span><br /> <b> Toys and gender</b><br /> With toys comprising such a large and important part of human existence, it makes sense that the toy industry would have a substantial economic impact. Sales of toys often icrease around holidays where <span href="/wiki/Gift" title="Gift">gift</span>-giving is a tradition. Some of these holidays include <span href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</span>, <span href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</span>, <span href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day">Saint Nicholas Day</span> and <span href="/wiki/Three_Kings_Day" title="Three Kings Day">Three Kings Day</span>.<br /> In 2005, toy sales in the United States totaled about $22.9 billion. Issues and events such as power outages, supply of raw materials, supply of labor, and raising wages that impact areas where factories are located often have an enormous impact on the toy industry in importing countries.<br /> <span name="Promotional_toys" id="Promotional_toys"></span><br /> <b> Economics</b><br /> Many successful <span href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</span>, <span href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</span> programs, <span href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</span> and <span href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</span> teams have official <span href="/wiki/Merchandise" title="Merchandise">merchandise</span>, which often includes related toys. Some notable examples are <span href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</span> (a <span href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</span> film series) and <span href="/wiki/Manchester_United" title="Manchester United">Manchester United</span>, an English <span href="/wiki/Football_%28soccer%29" title="Football (soccer)">football</span> club.<br /> Promotional toys can fall into any of the other toy categories; for example they can be dolls or action figures based on the characters of movies or professional athletes, or they can be balls, yo-yos, and <span href="/wiki/Lunch_box" title="Lunch box">lunch boxes</span> with logos on them. Sometimes they are given away for free as a form of <span href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</span>. Many food manufacturers will run promotions where a toy will be included with the main product as a sort of bonus. Some people go to great lengths to collect these sorts of promotional toys.<br /> <span name="Types_of_toys" id="Types_of_toys"></span><br /> <b> Promotional toys</b><br /> <span name="Construction_toys" id="Construction_toys"></span><br /> <b> Types of toys</b><br /> The Greek philosopher <span href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</span> wrote that the future architect should play at building houses as a child. A <b>construction set</b> is a collection of separate pieces that can be joined together to create <span href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">models</span>. Popular models to make include <span href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</span>, <span href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spaceships</span>, and <span href="/wiki/House" title="House">houses</span>. The things that are built are sometimes used as toys once completed, but generally speaking, the object is to build things of one's own design, and old models often are broken up and the pieces reused in new models.<br /> The oldest and, perhaps most common construction toy is a set of simple wooden <span href="/wiki/Toy_block" title="Toy block">blocks</span>, which are often painted in bright colors and given to babies and toddlers. Construction sets such as <span href="/wiki/Lego" title="Lego">Lego</span> bricks and <span href="/wiki/Lincoln_Logs" title="Lincoln Logs">Lincoln Logs</span> are designed for slightly older children and have been quite popular in the last century. Construction sets appeal to children (and adults) who like to work with their <span href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hands</span>, <span href="/wiki/Puzzle" title="Puzzle">puzzle</span> solvers, and <span href="/wiki/Imaginative" title="Imaginative">imaginative</span> sorts.<br /> Some other examples include <span href="/wiki/Bayko" title="Bayko">Bayko</span>, <span href="/wiki/Konstruk-Tubes" title="Konstruk-Tubes">Konstruk-Tubes</span>, <span href="/wiki/K%27NEX" title="K'NEX">K'NEX</span>, <span href="/wiki/Erector_Set" title="Erector Set">Erector Sets</span>, <span href="/wiki/Tinkertoy" title="Tinkertoy">Tinkertoys</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Meccano" title="Meccano">Meccano</span>.<br /> <span name="Dolls.2C_animals.2C_and_miniatures" id="Dolls.2C_animals.2C_and_miniatures"></span><br /> <b> Construction toys</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Doll" title="Doll">Doll</span></i> <b> Dolls, animals, and miniatures</b><br /> Children have played with miniature versions of vehicles since ancient times, with toy two-wheeled carts being depicted on <span href="/wiki/Pottery_of_Ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of Ancient Greece">ancient Greek vases</span>. Modern equivalents include toy <span href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">cars</span> such as those produced by <span href="/wiki/Matchbox_%28toy_company%29" title="Matchbox (toy company)">Matchbox</span> or <span href="/wiki/Hot_Wheels" title="Hot Wheels">Hot Wheels</span>, miniature <span href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</span>, toy boats, and <span href="/wiki/Toy_train" title="Toy train">trains</span>. Examples of the latter range from wooden sets for younger children such as <span href="/wiki/BRIO" title="BRIO">BRIO</span> complicated realistic <span href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modeling" title="Rail transport modeling">train models</span> like those produced by <span href="/wiki/Lionel_Corporation" title="Lionel Corporation">Lionel</span> and <span href="/wiki/Hornby_Railways" title="Hornby Railways">Hornby</span>. <span name="Puzzles" id="Puzzles"></span><br /> <b> Puzzles</b><br /> The oldest known <span href="/wiki/Mechanical_puzzle" title="Mechanical puzzle">mechanical puzzle</span> comes from <span href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</span> and appeared in the 3rd century BC. The game consists of a square divided into 14 parts, and the aim was to create different shapes from these pieces. In <span href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</span> "puzzle-locks" were made as early as the 17th century AD. In 1742 <span href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</span> there is a mention of a game called "Sei Shona-gon Chie No-Ita" in a book. Around the year 1800 the <span href="/wiki/Tangram" title="Tangram">Tangram</span> puzzle from <span href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</span> became popular, and 20 years later it had spread through Europe and America. The company Richter from <span href="/wiki/Rudolstadt" title="Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</span> began producing large amounts of Tangram-like puzzles of different shapes, the so-called "Anker-puzzles".<br /> Puzzles were greatly fashionable towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The first patents for puzzles were recorded at this time. In 1893 professor Hoffman wrote a book called "Puzzles Old and New". It contained, amongst other things, more than 40 descriptions of puzzles with secret opening mechanisms. This book grew into a reference work for puzzle games and modern copies exist for those interested.<br /> With the invention of materials easy to shape such as plastic, the range of puzzle possibilities grew. <span href="/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube" title="Rubik's Cube">Rubik's Cube</span>, arguably the most famous puzzle worldwide, would not be possible without modern <span href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</span>.<br /> <span name="Toys_that_involve_physical_activity" id="Toys_that_involve_physical_activity"></span><br /> <b> History of mechanical puzzles</b><br /> A great many toys are part of active play. These include traditional toys such as <span href="/wiki/Hoop_rolling" title="Hoop rolling">hoops</span>, <span href="/wiki/Top" title="Top">tops</span>, <span href="/wiki/Jump_rope" title="Jump rope">jump ropes</span> and <span href="/wiki/Ball" title="Ball">balls</span>, as well as more modern toys like <span href="/wiki/Frisbee" title="Frisbee">Frisbees</span>, <span href="/wiki/Foot_bag" title="Foot bag">foot bags</span> (also known as <span href="/wiki/Hacky_Sack" title="Hacky Sack">Hacky Sacks</span>), <span href="/wiki/Astrojax" title="Astrojax">astrojax</span>, <span href="/w/index.php?title=Myachi&action=edit" class="new" title="Myachi">myachi</span>, and the <span href="/wiki/Yo-yo" title="Yo-yo">yo-yo</span>.<br /> Playing with these sorts of toys allows children to <span href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">exercise</span>, building strong bones and muscles and aiding in <span href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical fitness</span>. Throwing and catching balls and frisbees can improve hand-eye coordination. Jumping rope and playing with foot bags can improve balance.<br /> <span name="Collectable_toys" id="Collectable_toys"></span><br /> <b> Toys that involve physical activity</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Collectable" title="Collectable">Collectable</span></i><img src="http://www2.printshop.co.uk/SiteData/Weebl/Products/Images/XL/Weebl_and_Bob_Toy.jpg" alt="Toy" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Collectable toys</b><br /> Many new toys and new types of toys are created by accidental <span href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</span>. After trying to create a replacement for <span href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</span>, <span href="/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warrick&action=edit" class="new" title="Earl Warrick">Earl Warrick</span> inadvertently invented "nutty putty" during <span href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</span>. Later, <span href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Hodgson&action=edit" class="new" title="Peter Hodgson">Peter Hodgson</span> recognized the potential as a childhood plaything and packaged it as <span href="/wiki/Silly_Putty" title="Silly Putty">Silly Putty</span>. Similarly, <span href="/wiki/Play-Doh" title="Play-Doh">Play-Doh</span> was created as a wallpaper cleaner. In 1943 <span href="/wiki/Richard_T._James" title="Richard T. James">Richard James</span> was experimenting with <span href="/wiki/Torsion_spring" title="Torsion spring">torsion springs</span> as part of his <span href="/w/index.php?title=Military_research&action=edit" class="new" title="Military research">military research</span> when he saw one come loose and fall to the floor. He was intrigued by the way it flopped around on the floor. He spent two years fine-tuning the design to find the best gauge of steel and coil. After a name change, the <span href="/wiki/Slinky" title="Slinky">Slinky</span> was sold as a toy for both <span href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">genders</span> in stores throughout the <span href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</span>.<br /> <span name="Safety_regulations" id="Safety_regulations"></span><br /> <b> Invention of toys</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Toy_safety" title="Toy safety">Toy safety</span></i> <b> Disposal of toys</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Category:Toy_companies" title="Category:Toy companies">Toy companies</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Category:Game_manufacturers" title="Category:Game manufacturers">Game manufacturers</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Board_Game" title="Board Game">Board games</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/National_Farm_Toy_Museum" title="National Farm Toy Museum">National Farm Toy Museum</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_toys" title="List of toys">List of toys</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/National_Toy_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Toy Hall of Fame">National Toy Hall of Fame</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Toy_museums" title="Toy museums">Toy museums</span> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-6630107959591390292008-04-22T08:59:00.001-07:002008-04-22T08:59:19.278-07:00 <b> Structure</b><br /> The EITC is the largest <span href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</span> reduction program in the United States. Almost 21 million American families received more than $36 billion in refunds through the EITC in 2004. These EITC dollars had a significant impact on the lives and communities of the nation's lowest paid working people, lifting more than 5 million of these families above the federal poverty line..<br /> <span name="Cost" id="Cost"></span><br /> <img src="http://treasurer.delaware.gov/images/2007-01-10-EITC.jpg" alt="Earned Income Tax Credit" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Impact</b><br /> It is difficult to measure the cost of the EITC to the Federal Government. At the most basic level, federal revenues are decreased by the lower, and often negative, tax burden on the working poor for which the EITC is responsible. In this basic sense, the cost of the EITC to the Federal Government was more than $36 billion in 2004.<br /> At the same time, however, this cost may be at least partially offset by several factors: 1) any new taxes (such as payroll taxes paid by employers) generated by new workers drawn by the EITC into the labor force, 2) any reductions in <span href="/wiki/Entitlement" title="Entitlement">entitlement</span> spending that result from individuals being lifted out of poverty by the EITC (the poverty line is sometimes a watermark for eligibility for state and federal benefits), and 3) taxes generated on additional spending done by families receiving earned income tax credit. 4) Not to mention a potential reduction in crime and other more indirect factors.<br /> <span name="Uncollected_tax_credits" id="Uncollected_tax_credits"></span><br /> <b> Cost</b><br /> Millions of American families who are eligible for the EITC do not receive it, leaving billions of additional tax credit dollars unclaimed. Research by the <span href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</span> (GAO) and <span href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</span> indicates that between 15% and 25% of <span href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">households</span> who are entitled to the EITC do not claim their credit, or between 3.5 million and 7 million households.<br /> The average EITC amount received per family in 2002 was $1,766. Using this figure and a 15% unclaimed rate would mean that low-wage workers and their families lost out on more than $6.5 billion, or more than $12 billion if the unclaimed rate is 25%.<br /> Many nonprofit organizations around the United States, sometimes in partnership with government and with some public financing, have begun programs designed to increase EITC utilization by raising awareness of the credit and assisting with the filing of the relevant tax forms.<br /> In addition, the EITC is a major driver for the walk-in, storefront tax industry, which includes such well-known companies as H&R Block, Jackson Hewitt, and Liberty Tax. These companies frequently offer loan products such as Refund Anticipation Loans ("RALs"). Such loans have been criticized for being over-promoted and for such practices as "cross-collection." <span href="http://consumeraffairs.com/finance/hr_block_ral.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://consumeraffairs.com/finance/hr_block_ral.html" rel="nofollow">[1]</span> <span href="http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:-POyRNy2TyEJ:www.irs.gov/pub/irs-utl/2005_arc_executive_summary_final.pdf+%22tax+refund%22+%22debt+offset%22+wrong&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us" class="external autonumber" title="http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:-POyRNy2TyEJ:www.irs.gov/pub/irs-utl/2005_arc_executive_summary_final.pdf+%22tax+refund%22+%22debt+offset%22+wrong&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us" rel="nofollow">[2]</span> (The loans are sometimes not as easy to be approved for as the advertising implies. Customers denied the next-day loans are then required to accept the two-week loan products, in which they still end up paying the bulk of the fees. "Cross-collection" occurs when the loan-issuing bank, such as Santa Barbara Bank & Trust or HSBC in recent years, engages in debt collection for other companies, notably credit card companies. This practice is often not adequately disclosed.)<br /> <span name="EITC_and_United_States_Military_Servicemembers" id="EITC_and_United_States_Military_Servicemembers"></span><br /> <b> EITC and United States Military Servicemembers</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation in the United States</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Speenhamland_system" title="Speenhamland system">Speenhamland system</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">Negative income tax</span> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-76039807722450473272008-04-21T08:36:00.001-07:002008-04-21T08:36:34.397-07:00<img src="http://www.visitpittsburgh.com/images/db/static/visitors/itineraries/GatewayClipperPic.jpg" alt="Gateway Clipper Fleet" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> The <strong class="selflink">Gateway Clipper Fleet</strong> is a <span href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%2C_Pennsylvania" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh</span>, <span href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</span>-based fleet of <span href="/wiki/Riverboat" title="Riverboat">riverboats</span>. The fleet cruises the three rivers of Pittsburgh- the <span href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela</span>, the <span href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny</span>, and the <span href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</span>. The fleet is named after the city of Pittsburgh, which in earlier times was known as the "<span href="/wiki/Gateway_to_the_West" title="Gateway to the West">Gateway to the West</span>" <span href="http://www.wqed.org/erc/pghist/units/WPAhist/wpa3.shtml" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.wqed.org/erc/pghist/units/WPAhist/wpa3.shtml" rel="nofollow">[1]</span>. The original riverboat was the <b>Gateway Clipper</b>, which set sail in 1958. By the mid-1960s, the fleet was composed of three craft, the Gateway Clipper, the <b>Party Liner</b>, and the <b>Good Ship Lollipop</b>. Today there are five watercraft in the fleet: the 1,000-passenger <b>Majestic</b>; the 600-passenger <b>Party Liner</b>; the 400-passenger <b>Keystone Belle</b>; the 300-passenger <b>Liberty Belle</b>; and the 150-passenger <b>Good Ship Lollipop</b> (formerly known as the <b>City of Champions</b> until 1982). The Party Liner is a <span href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</span> that is pushed by a <span href="/wiki/Towboat" title="Towboat">towboat</span> named the <b>Gateway Liner</b> <span href="http://www.gatewayclipper.com/about.asp" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.gatewayclipper.com/about.asp" rel="nofollow">[2]</span>.<br /> The Gateway Clipper Fleet offers many types of cruises, from day trips for school groups to formal dinner cruises. Shuttle service to <span href="/wiki/PNC_Park" title="PNC Park">PNC Park</span> and <span href="/wiki/Heinz_Field" title="Heinz Field">Heinz Field</span> is available on days of <span href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates" title="Pittsburgh Pirates">Pittsburgh Pirates</span>, <span href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" title="Pittsburgh Steelers">Pittsburgh Steelers</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Pitt_Panthers" title="Pitt Panthers">Pitt Panthers</span> home games. The fleet is believed to be the largest inland riverboat fleet in the <span href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</span>. The fleet formerly was moored at the <span href="/w/index.php?title=Monongahela_Wharf&action=edit" class="new" title="Monongahela Wharf">Monongahela Wharf</span>, but currently it is moored at <span href="/wiki/Station_Square" title="Station Square">Station Square</span>.<br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-55803546810062382452008-04-20T08:11:00.001-07:002008-04-20T08:11:37.712-07:00 <b> Notable buildings</b><br /> The headquarters of <span href="/wiki/Newry_and_Mourne_District_Council" title="Newry and Mourne District Council">Newry and Mourne District Council</span> are in Newry. The area has a majority <span href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalist</span> population, leading to a council dominated by <span href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</span> and the <span href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</span>, but there are some <span href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist" title="Ulster Unionist">Ulster Unionist</span> and <span href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</span> (DUP) councillors and one councillor from the <span href="/wiki/Green_Party_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Green Party in Northern Ireland">Green Party</span>.<br /> <span name="History" id="History"></span><br /> <b> Administration</b><br /> The English version of the name of the city comes from the original <span href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</span> <i>Iúr Chinn Trá</i> (in older spelling, <i>Iubhar Chinn Trábha</i>), which translates as "the <span href="/wiki/Taxaceae" title="Taxaceae">yew</span> at the head of the <span href="/wiki/Strand" title="Strand">strand</span>", which relates to an <span href="/wiki/Apocryphal" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</span> story that <span href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</span> planted a yew tree there in the <span href="/wiki/5th_century" title="5th century">5th century</span>. In modern Irish the full name of the town is rarely used; instead it is abbreviated to <i>An tIúr</i>.<br /> The town was established in 1144 with the building of a monastery, although there is strong evidence of continual human habitation in the area for several millennia. The monastery only lasted until 1162, when it was burned to the gound, and later replaced by a <span href="/wiki/Cistercian" title="Cistercian">cistercian</span> monastery. This monastery itself was later converted to a collegiate church in 1543, before being surrendered to the crown in 1548.<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_Nicholas_Bagenal&action=edit" class="new" title="Sir Nicholas Bagenal">Sir Nicholas Bagenal</span>, Marshal of the Army in Ireland, took over the site around 1550, later building a castle there. The remains of the original <span href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercian_Monastery&action=edit" class="new" title="Cistercian Monastery">Cistercian Monastery</span> were still standing when Bagenal acquired the land and it may well have been the Abbot's House that Bagenal proclaimed as his Castle. The site was said to consist of a 'church, steeple, and cemetery, chapter- house, dormitory and hall, two orchards and one garden, containing one <span href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acre</span>, within the precincts of the college'. The remains of Bagenal's Castle can be found today on Castle Street, near to the <span href="/wiki/LIDL" title="LIDL">LIDL</span> store, on what was once the site of McCann's Bakery.<br /> A rental roll dated 1575, provides a unique insight into life in the town at the time. It listed the names of the tenants in 'The High Street', 'Tenements within the Fort' and The Irish Street without the Fort'. These three distinct areas also appear in a map of the same time, along with a drawing of the castle.<br /> During the <span href="/wiki/Williamite_War" title="Williamite War">Williamite War</span>, the forces of <span href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">King James II</span> set fire to the town in 1689, while retreating from <span href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William</span>. It is said that only six houses and the castle survived the inferno.<br /> The town was rebuilt shortly afterwards, and its fortunes changed dramatically. Within decades it had the busiest port in Ulster and in 1742, had the first summit level <span href="/wiki/Newry_Canal" title="Newry Canal">canal</span> in the British Isles. This led to a further period of economic prosperity, evidence of which can be seen in the many fine buildings and public places that can still be seen today.<br /> <span name="The_Troubles" id="The_Troubles"></span><br /> <b> History</b><br /> Newry saw a number of violent incidents during the conflict known as <span href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</span>. For more information see <span href="/wiki/The_Troubles_in_Newry" title="The Troubles in Newry">The Troubles in Newry</span>, which includes a list of all the fatal incidents that happened in Newry during the Troubles.<br /> See also: <span href="/wiki/The_Troubles_in_Killeen" title="The Troubles in Killeen">The Troubles in Killeen</span>, for information on incidents at the border and customs post at <span href="/wiki/Killeen" title="Killeen">Killeen</span> on the border with the <span href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</span> and close to Newry. The <span href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</span> moved in during the 1950s and have been there ever since. However, in 2003, the hilltop watch towers started being taken down and in 2005 the main base in <span href="/wiki/Bessbrook" title="Bessbrook">Bessbrook</span> started to be dismantled.<br /> <span name="People" id="People"></span><br /> <b> The Troubles</b><br /> <span name="Geography" id="Geography"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/John_Mitchel" title="John Mitchel">John Mitchel</span>, a <span href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</span> Irish patriot who inspired the <span href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</span> Movement, is buried in the Old Meeting House cemetery in the town.<br /> Danny McAlinden won the bronze medal for boxing (Heavyweight) at the 1966 Commonwealth Games in Kingston, Jamaica. Later he became British and Commonwealth Heavyweight champion. He was born in Newry in 1947.<br /> Matthew Russell, SJ. Irish Jesuit, poet and editor. Russell was born in Newry in 1834. He entered the Jesuit Order and was ordained to the priesthood at age 33. Father Russell established the 'Irish Monthly' in 1873 and served as editor for nearly forty years. He also wrote many volumes of verse, and corresponded with the English Jesuit poet Gerard Manley Hopkins.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Hillen" title="Seán Hillen">Seán Hillen</span>, artist, was born and grew up in Newry, and made a large body of photomontage artworks related to the 'troubles', many of which are based on his own photographs taken in and around Newry. They include a series satirically titled "LondoNewry, a Mythical Town.."<br /> <span href="/wiki/Charles_Russell%2C_Baron_Russell_of_Killowen" title="Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen">Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen</span>, (1832–1900), Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, was born in Newry on 10 November 1832.<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_McCann&action=edit" class="new" title="Susan McCann">Susan McCann</span>, world-famous folk singer is from Newry<br /> BML Hillen Keene, a published author of the book <i>Land in Mist</i>, born in Newry on August 20, 1986.<br /> <span href="/wiki/William_Irvine_%28Australian_politician%29" title="William Irvine (Australian politician)">Sir William Hill Irvine</span> <small><span href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">GCMG</span></small> (<span href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">6 July</span> <span href="/wiki/1858" title="1858">1858</span> - <span href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">20 August</span> <span href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</span>), the 21st <span href="/wiki/Premier_of_Victoria" title="Premier of Victoria">Premier of Victoria</span> was born in Newry.<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Duff&action=edit" class="new" title="Thomas Duff">Thomas Duff</span>, <span href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect</span>, (<span href="/wiki/1792" title="1792">1792</span> - <span href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</span>) was born in Newry. Duff is renowned for having designed the <span href="/w/index.php?title=Newry_Cathedral&action=edit" class="new" title="Newry Cathedral">Cathedral of St. Patrick and St. Colman</span> in the town. <b> People</b><br /> Newry lies in the most south-eastern part of both <span href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</span> and <span href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</span>. Approximately half of the city lies in <span href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</span> and the other half in <span href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">County Armagh</span>.<br /> The city sits in a valley, nestled between the <span href="/wiki/Mourne_Mountains" title="Mourne Mountains">Mourne Mountains</span> to the east, and the Ring of Gullion to the south-west, both of which are designated <span href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty</span>. The Clanrye River runs through the centre of town, parallel to the <span href="/wiki/Newry_Canal" title="Newry Canal">canal</span>, forming part of the border between <span href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</span> and <span href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">County Armagh</span>. The city also lies at the extreme northernmost end of <span href="/wiki/Carlingford_Lough" title="Carlingford Lough">Carlingford Lough</span>, where the canal enters the sea.<br /> <span name="Sport" id="Sport"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.newryabbey.com/newry_abbey_outline_abbots_house_2_292x288_266x262.jpg" alt="Newry" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Geography</b><br /> <span name="Transport" id="Transport"></span><br /> Newry is home to <span href="/wiki/Newry_Town_FC" title="Newry Town FC">Newry City F.C.</span>, who play in the <span href="/wiki/Irish_Premier_League" title="Irish Premier League">Irish Premier League</span> at their <span href="/wiki/The_Showgrounds_%28Newry%29" title="The Showgrounds (Newry)">Showgrounds</span> stadium.<br /> Down <span href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</span> club play their home games at <span href="/wiki/P%C3%A1irc_Esler" title="Páirc Esler">Páirc Esler</span> in the city.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Newry_Bosco_GFC" title="Newry Bosco GFC">Newry Bosco GFC</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Newry_Shamrocks_GAC&action=edit" class="new" title="Newry Shamrocks GAC">Newry Shamrocks GAC</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Newry_Mitchel%27s_GFC" title="Newry Mitchel's GFC">Newry Mitchel's GFC</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Corrinshego" title="Corrinshego">Thomas Davis GFC, Corinshego</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Ballyholland_GFC&action=edit" class="new" title="Ballyholland GFC">Ballyholland GFC</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=St._Monnina_GFC%2C_Killeavy&action=edit" class="new" title="St. Monnina GFC, Killeavy">St. Monnina GFC, Killeavy</span> <b> Sport</b><br /> <span name="2001_Census"></span><br /> The <span href="/wiki/Newry_Canal" title="Newry Canal">Newry Canal</span> opened in <span href="/wiki/1742" title="1742">1742</span>, and was the first major commercial canal in the British Isles. It ran for 18 miles to <span href="/wiki/Lough_Neagh" title="Lough Neagh">Lough Neagh</span>. In <span href="/wiki/1777" title="1777">1777</span> Newry was ranked the fourth largest port in Ireland. Some surviving 18th and <span href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</span> warehouses still line the canal, and now many houses, shops and restaurants.<br /> <span href="/wiki/MacNeill%27s_Egyptian_Arch" title="MacNeill's Egyptian Arch">MacNeill's Egyptian Arch</span> is a railway bridge located near Newry. It was selected for the design of the <span href="/wiki/British_One_Pound_coin" title="British One Pound coin">British One Pound coin</span> to represent Northern Ireland for 2006.<br /> Newry is served by an <span href="/wiki/Ulsterbus" title="Ulsterbus">Ulsterbus</span> bus station, located in the city centre, that offers local, regional and cross-border services.<br /> A <span href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Railways" title="Northern Ireland Railways">Northern Ireland Railways</span> <span href="/wiki/Newry_railway_station" title="Newry railway station">station</span>, just off the <span href="/wiki/Camlough" title="Camlough">Camlough</span> road, offers cross border services on the <span href="/wiki/Dublin-Belfast_railway_line" title="Dublin-Belfast railway line">Dublin-Belfast line</span>. Planning permission for the construction of a new station, to the east of the current station, was granted in May 2006.<br /> Newry is on the main M1/A1 route from <span href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</span> to <span href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</span>. The road is of dual carriageway/motorway standard on the Southern side, and single carriageway/dual carraigeway/motorway on the Northern side. The remainder of the A1 on the Northern side is expected to be upgraded to dual carriageway standard in 2012. <b> Transport</b><br /> Although officially a city, Newry is classified as a Large Town by the <span href="http://www.nisra.gov.uk/" class="external text" title="http://www.nisra.gov.uk/" rel="nofollow">NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA)</span> (ie with population between 18,000 and 75,000 people). On Census day (<span href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">29 April</span> <span href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</span>) there were 27,433 people living in Newry. Of these:<br /> <span name="Education" id="Education"></span><br /> 26.2% were aged under 16 years and 16.0% were aged 60 and over<br /> 48.5% of the population were male and 51.6% were female;<br /> 89.6% were from a <span href="/wiki/Catholic" title="Catholic">Catholic</span> background and 9.4% were from a <span href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</span> background<br /> 5.5% of people aged 16–74 were unemployed. <b> 2001 Census</b><br /> <span name="Churches" id="Churches"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Abbey_Christian_Brothers_Grammar_School" title="Abbey Christian Brothers Grammar School">Abbey Christian Brothers Grammar School</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Ballyholland_Primary_School&action=edit" class="new" title="Ballyholland Primary School">Ballyholland Primary School</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bunscoil_an_I%C3%BAir" title="Bunscoil an Iúir">Bunscoil an Iúir</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Cloughoge_Primary_School&action=edit" class="new" title="Cloughoge Primary School">Cloughoge Primary School</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Killean_Primary_School" title="Killean Primary School">Killean Primary School</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Newry_High_School" title="Newry High School">Newry High School</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady%27s_Grammar_School&action=edit" class="new" title="Our Lady's Grammar School">Our Lady's Grammar School</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Grammar_School" title="Sacred Heart Grammar School">Sacred Heart Grammar School</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=St_Clare%27s_Convent_Primary_School&action=edit" class="new" title="St Clare's Convent Primary School">St Clare's Convent Primary School</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=St_Colman%27s_Abbey_Primary_School&action=edit" class="new" title="St Colman's Abbey Primary School">St Colman's Abbey Primary School</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/St_Colman%27s_College%2C_Newry" title="St Colman's College, Newry">St Colman's College</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Primary_School%2C_Newry" title="St. John's Primary School, Newry">St. John's Primary School</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_Boys%27_High_School" title="St Joseph's Boys' High School">St Joseph's Boys' High School</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=St_Joseph%27s_Convent_Primary_School&action=edit" class="new" title="St Joseph's Convent Primary School">St Joseph's Convent Primary School</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_High_School" title="St Mary's High School">St Mary's High School</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=St_Patrick%27s_Primary_School&action=edit" class="new" title="St Patrick's Primary School">St Patrick's Primary School</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=St_Ronan%27s_Primary_School&action=edit" class="new" title="St Ronan's Primary School">St Ronan's Primary School</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Windsor_Hill_Primary_School" title="Windsor Hill Primary School">Windsor Hill Primary School</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Newry_and_Kilkeel_Institute&action=edit" class="new" title="Newry and Kilkeel Institute">Newry and Kilkeel Institute</span> <b> Churches</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Altnaveigh&action=edit" class="new" title="Altnaveigh">Altnaveigh</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Ashton_Heights&action=edit" class="new" title="Ashton Heights">Ashton Heights</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Barcroft_Park&action=edit" class="new" title="Barcroft Park">Barcroft Park</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Carlingford_Park&action=edit" class="new" title="Carlingford Park">Carlingford Park</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Carnagat&action=edit" class="new" title="Carnagat">Carnagat</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Carnagh_Park&action=edit" class="new" title="Carnagh Park">Carnagh Park</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Carrivemaclone&action=edit" class="new" title="Carrivemaclone">Carrivemaclone</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Courtneay_Hill&action=edit" class="new" title="Courtneay Hill">Courtneay Hill</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Derrybeg" title="Derrybeg">Derrybeg</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Drumalane&action=edit" class="new" title="Drumalane">Drumalane</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Drumgullion&action=edit" class="new" title="Drumgullion">Drumgullion</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Dublin_Road&action=edit" class="new" title="Dublin Road">Dublin Road</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Glen_Hill" title="Glen Hill">Glen Hill</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/High_Street" title="High Street">High Street</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Liska_Road&action=edit" class="new" title="Liska Road">Liska Road</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Loanda" title="Loanda">Loanda</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Monk%27s_Hill&action=edit" class="new" title="Monk's Hill">Monk's Hill</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Warrenpoint_Road&action=edit" class="new" title="Old Warrenpoint Road">Old Warrenpoint Road</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Parkhead" title="Parkhead">Parkhead</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Shandon_Park&action=edit" class="new" title="Shandon Park">Shandon Park</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/The_Meadow" title="The Meadow">The Meadow</span> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-19269331894376594652008-04-19T09:47:00.001-07:002008-04-19T09:47:48.348-07:00<img src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/d/d6/250px-September_17_2001_Ground_Zero_01.jpg" alt="Non-American casualties of the September 11, 2001 attacks" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> Aside from the approximately 2,646 United States casualties, 327 foreign nationals also perished. The following is a list of their nationalities.<br /> Excludes the 19 perpetrators and at least some cases of dual-citizenship.<br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</span>: 4 <br /> <span href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</span>: 1 yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-27645650991226958532008-04-18T10:37:00.001-07:002008-04-18T10:37:24.941-07:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Homer</b> is the mascot of the <span href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves" title="Atlanta Braves">Atlanta Braves</span>. He has a <span href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</span> shaped head and is the brother of <span href="/wiki/Rally_%28mascot%29" title="Rally (mascot)">Rally</span>. Some fans have noted that Homer looks like the mascot of the <span href="/wiki/New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">New York Mets</span>, <span href="/wiki/Mr._Met" title="Mr. Met">Mr. Met</span>. Others call Homer a knockoff of <span href="/wiki/Mr._Red" title="Mr. Red">Mr. Red</span>, since the <span href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds" title="Cincinnati Reds">Cincinnati Reds</span> mascot originated (at least in graphic form) before Mr. Met. Before having the baseball head however, Homer was the personifacation of the old "Screaming Warrior" logo the Braves used before dropping it in 1988 due to political correctness.<br /> Homer's full name is Homer the Brave. This is meant to sound like "home of the brave", the last words of the <span href="/wiki/Star-Spangled_Banner" title="Star-Spangled Banner">National Anthem</span>.<br /> <img src="http://i166.photobucket.com/albums/u119/Homer4prez/Homer/homer_mascot.jpg" alt="Homer (mascot)" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b>Ballparks</b> – <span href="/wiki/South_End_Grounds" title="South End Grounds">South End Grounds</span> • <span href="/wiki/Congress_Street_Grounds" title="Congress Street Grounds">Congress Street Grounds</span> • South End Grounds • <span href="/wiki/Fenway_Park" title="Fenway Park">Fenway Park</span> • <span href="/wiki/Braves_Field" title="Braves Field">Braves Field</span> • <span href="/wiki/Milwaukee_County_Stadium" title="Milwaukee County Stadium">Milwaukee County Stadium</span> • <span href="/wiki/Atlanta-Fulton_County_Stadium" title="Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium">Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium</span> • <b><span href="/wiki/Turner_Field" title="Turner Field">Turner Field</span></b><br /> <b>Culture</b> – <span href="/wiki/Chief_Noc-A-Homa" title="Chief Noc-A-Homa">Chief Noc-A-Homa</span> • <strong class="selflink">Homer</strong> • <span href="/wiki/Rally_%28mascot%29" title="Rally (mascot)">Rally</span> • <span href="/wiki/Tomahawk_Buzzcut" title="Tomahawk Buzzcut">Tomahawk Buzzcut</span> • <span href="/wiki/War_Chant" title="War Chant">War Chant</span><br /> <b>Rivalries</b> – <span href="/wiki/Braves-Mets_rivalry" title="Braves-Mets rivalry">Braves-Mets rivalry</span><br /> <b>Important Figures</b> – <span href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Henry Aaron</span> • <span href="/wiki/Bobby_Cox" title="Bobby Cox">Bobby Cox</span> • <span href="/wiki/Eddie_Mathews" title="Eddie Mathews">Eddie Mathews</span> • <span href="/wiki/Dale_Murphy" title="Dale Murphy">Dale Murphy</span> • <span href="/wiki/Phil_Niekro" title="Phil Niekro">Phil Niekro</span> • <span href="/wiki/Johnny_Sain" title="Johnny Sain">Johnny Sain</span> • <span href="/wiki/Warren_Spahn" title="Warren Spahn">Warren Spahn</span> • <span href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</span><br /> <b>Retired Numbers</b> – <i><span href="/wiki/Dale_Murphy" title="Dale Murphy">3</span></i> • <i><span href="/wiki/Warren_Spahn" title="Warren Spahn">21</span></i> • <i><span href="/wiki/Phil_Niekro" title="Phil Niekro">35</span></i> • <i><span href="/wiki/Eddie_Mathews" title="Eddie Mathews">41</span></i> • <i><span href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">42</span></i> • <i><span href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">44</span></i><br /> <span href="/wiki/1914_World_Series" title="1914 World Series">1914</span> • <span href="/wiki/1957_World_Series" title="1957 World Series">1957</span> • <span href="/wiki/1995_World_Series" title="1995 World Series">1995</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/1877_in_baseball" title="1877 in baseball">1877</span> • <span href="/wiki/1878_in_baseball" title="1878 in baseball">1878</span> • <span href="/wiki/1883_in_baseball" title="1883 in baseball">1883</span> • <span href="/wiki/1891_in_baseball" title="1891 in baseball">1891</span> • <span href="/wiki/1892_in_baseball" title="1892 in baseball">1892</span> • <span href="/wiki/1893_in_baseball" title="1893 in baseball">1893</span> • <span href="/wiki/1897_in_baseball" title="1897 in baseball">1897</span> • <span href="/wiki/1898_in_baseball" title="1898 in baseball">1898</span> • <span href="/wiki/1914_in_baseball" title="1914 in baseball">1914</span> • <span href="/wiki/1948_in_baseball" title="1948 in baseball">1948</span> • <span href="/wiki/1957_in_baseball" title="1957 in baseball">1957</span> • <span href="/wiki/1958_in_baseball" title="1958 in baseball">1958</span> • <span href="/wiki/1991_National_League_Championship_Series" title="1991 National League Championship Series">1991</span> • <span href="/wiki/1992_National_League_Championship_Series" title="1992 National League Championship Series">1992</span> • <span href="/wiki/1995_National_League_Championship_Series" title="1995 National League Championship Series">1995</span> • <span href="/wiki/1996_National_League_Championship_Series" title="1996 National League Championship Series">1996</span> • <span href="/wiki/1999_National_League_Championship_Series" title="1999 National League Championship Series">1999</span><br /> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-67645760811289995612008-04-17T10:44:00.000-07:002008-04-17T10:45:00.338-07:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Bash</b> is a <span href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shell</span> written for the <span href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</span>. The name of the actual executable is <b>bash</b>. Its name is an <span href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</span> for <i>Bourne-again shell</i>, a <span href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">pun</span> on the name of the <span href="/wiki/Bourne_shell" title="Bourne shell">Bourne shell</span> (sh) (i.e. "Bourne again" or "<span href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">born again</span>"), an early and important Unix shell written by <span href="/wiki/Stephen_Bourne" title="Stephen Bourne">Stephen Bourne</span> and distributed with <span href="/wiki/Version_7_Unix" title="Version 7 Unix">Version 7 Unix</span> circa 1978. Bash was created in 1987 by <span href="/wiki/Brian_Fox" title="Brian Fox">Brian Fox</span>. In 1990 <span href="/wiki/Chet_Ramey" title="Chet Ramey">Chet Ramey</span> became the primary maintainer.<br /> Bash is the default shell on most <span href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</span> systems as well as on <span href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</span> and it can be run on most <span href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</span> operating systems. It has also been ported to <span href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</span> within the <span href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</span> <span href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</span> emulation environment for Windows, to <span href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</span> by the <span href="/wiki/DJGPP" title="DJGPP">DJGPP</span> project and to <span href="/wiki/Novell_NetWare" title="Novell NetWare">Novell NetWare</span>. Released under the <span href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</span>, Bash is <span href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</span>.<br /> <span name="Features" id="Features"></span><br /> <img src="http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/30/32/23303230.jpg" alt="Bash" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Features</b><br /> When Bash starts, it executes the commands in a variety of different scripts.<br /> When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, it first reads and executes commands from the file <tt>/etc/profile</tt>, if that file exists. After reading that file, it looks for <tt>~/.bash_profile</tt>, <tt>~/.bash_login</tt>, and <tt>~/.profile</tt>, in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. One can force this behavior for a non-interactive shell with the <tt>--login</tt> option. The <tt>--noprofile</tt> option may be used to inhibit this behavior.<br /> When a login shell exits, Bash reads and executes commands from the file <tt>~/.bash_logout</tt>, if it exists.<br /> When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash reads and executes commands from <tt>~/.bashrc</tt>, if that file exists. This may be inhibited by using the <tt>--norc</tt> option. The <tt>--rcfile file</tt> option will force Bash to read and execute commands from <tt>file</tt> instead of <tt>~/.bashrc</tt>.<br /> When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example, it looks for the variable <tt>BASH_ENV</tt> in the environment, expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the following command were executed:<br /> but the value of the <tt>PATH</tt> variable is not used to search for the file name.<br /> If Bash is invoked with the name <tt>sh</tt>, it tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of <tt>sh</tt> as closely as possible, while conforming to the <span href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</span> standard as well. When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the <tt>--login</tt> option, it first attempts to read and execute commands from <tt>/etc/profile</tt> and <tt>~/.profile</tt>, in that order. The <tt>--noprofile</tt> option may be used to inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name <tt>sh</tt>, Bash looks for the variable <tt>ENV</tt>, expands its value if it is defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a shell invoked as <tt>sh</tt> does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other startup files, the <tt>--rcfile</tt> option has no effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name <tt>sh</tt> does not attempt to read any other startup files. When invoked as <tt>sh</tt>, Bash enters <i>POSIX</i> mode after the startup files are read.<br /> When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the <tt>--posix</tt> command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, interactive shells expand the <tt>ENV</tt> variable and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other startup files are read.<br /> Bash attempts to determine when it is being run by the remote shell daemon, usually <tt>rshd</tt>. If Bash determines it is being run by <tt>rshd</tt>, it reads and executes commands from <tt>~/.bashrc</tt>, if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as <tt>sh</tt>. The <tt>--norc</tt> option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the <tt>--rcfile</tt> option may be used to force another file to be read, but <tt>rshd</tt> does not generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified.<br /> <span name="Portability" id="Portability"></span><br /> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-62105334692384263342008-04-16T09:31:00.001-07:002008-04-16T09:31:52.932-07:00 <b></b><br /> <i>For the mountain chain, see <span href="/wiki/Zambales_Mountains" title="Zambales Mountains">Zambales Mountains</span>. For the ethnic group, see <span href="/wiki/Sambal_people" title="Sambal people">Sambal people</span>.</i><br /> <b>Zambales</b> is a <span href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">province</span> of the <span href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</span> located in the <span href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</span> <span href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">region</span>. Its capital is <span href="/wiki/Iba%2C_Zambales" title="Iba, Zambales">Iba</span>. Zambales borders <span href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</span> to the north, <span href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</span> and <span href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</span> to the east, and <span href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</span> to the south. The province lies between the <span href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</span> and the <span href="/wiki/Zambales_Mountains" title="Zambales Mountains">Zambales Mountains</span>. With a land area of 3,700 km, Zambales is the second largest among the six provinces of Central Luzon. It has a population density of 170 people per square kilometer², one of the lowest in the country. The province is noted for its <span href="/wiki/Mangoes" title="Mangoes">mangoes</span>, which are among the sweetest in the world. It is most abundant from January to April.<br /> Zambales is served by the <span href="/wiki/Subic_Bay_International_Airport" title="Subic Bay International Airport">Subic Bay International Airport</span>, which is located in the municipality of <span href="/wiki/Subic%2C_Zambales" title="Subic, Zambales">Subic</span>, south of the provincial capital. <span href="/wiki/Subic_Bay_Freeport_Zone" title="Subic Bay Freeport Zone">Subic Bay Freeport Zone</span> is host to many tourist attractions which include casinos, beach resorts, parks, beachside huts and cottages and historical artifacts.<br /> <span name="Demographics_and_culture" id="Demographics_and_culture"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.subic-sports.com/images/zambales-004a.jpg" alt="Zambales" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Demographics and culture</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main articles: <span href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano language</span>, <span href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal language</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog language</span></i> <b> Language</b><br /> <span name="Geography" id="Geography"></span><br /> <b> Economy</b><br /> <span name="Climate" id="Climate"></span><br /> <b> Geography</b><br /> Zambales has two pronounced seasons: dry from October to June, and wet from July to September.<br /> <span name="Physical" id="Physical"></span><br /> <b> Climate</b><br /> Zambales lies on the western shores of <span href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</span> island, between the <span href="/wiki/Zambales_Mountains" title="Zambales Mountains">Zambales Mountains</span> and the <span href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</span>. Its shoreline is very ragged, and features many coves and inlets. The mountain range on the eastern part of the province occupies about 60% of its total land area. <span href="/wiki/Subic_Bay%2C_Philippines" title="Subic Bay, Philippines">Subic Bay</span>, in the southernmost part of the province, provides a natural harbor, and was chosen as the location of an <span href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Base_Subic_Bay" title="U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay">American naval base</span>. The peak of <span href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</span> lies on the intersection of the boundaries between Zambales, <span href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</span>. This <span href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</span>, once considered dormant, erupted violently in <span href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</span>.<br /> <span name="Political" id="Political"></span><br /> <b> Physical</b><br /> Zambales is subdivided into 13 <span href="/wiki/Philippine_municipality" title="Philippine municipality">municipalities</span> and 1 <span href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">city</span>. <span href="/wiki/Olongapo_City" title="Olongapo City">Olongapo City</span> is a highly urbanized city and administers itself autonomously from the province. <b>City:</b> <span name="History" id="History"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Olongapo" title="Olongapo">Olongapo</span> <b> Political</b><br /> The area now occupied by Zambales was first explored by the <span href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</span> in <span href="/wiki/1572" title="1572">1572</span>, led by <span href="/wiki/Juan_de_Salcedo" title="Juan de Salcedo">Juan de Salcedo</span>. Among the earliest towns founded were <span href="/wiki/Masinloc%2C_Zambales" title="Masinloc, Zambales">Masinloc</span> (1607), <span href="/wiki/Iba%2C_Zambales" title="Iba, Zambales">Iba</span> (1611), and <span href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz%2C_Zambales" title="Santa Cruz, Zambales">Santa Cruz</span> (1612). Masinloc became the province's first capital. However, the capital was moved between among the three towns during its history before settling in Iba, due to its strategic location. The first civil governor of Zambales during the American era was the Honorable Potenciano Lesaca from 1901-1903.<br /> The province's name came from the word <i>zambal</i>, which is a Hispanized term for <i>Sambali</i>. Zambal refers to the <span href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">language</span> spoken by the early <span href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian</span> inhabitants of the place. A contending version states that the name was derived from the word <i>samba</i>, meaning <i>worship</i>, because the Spanish supposedly found the native inhabitants to be highly superstitious; worshiping the spirits of their ancestors.<br /> <span name="Tourist_Attractions" id="Tourist_Attractions"></span><br /> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-23917614483523838702008-04-15T08:43:00.001-07:002008-04-15T08:43:26.830-07:00 <b></b><br /> The post of <b><span href="/wiki/Governor-General" title="Governor-General">Governors-General</span> of <span href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</span></b> (<span href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</span>: 조선총독, <span href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</span>: 朝鮮總督, <span href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</span>: 朝鮮総督) served as the chief representative of the Japanese government in Korea while it was held as the Japanese colony of <span href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</span> from 1910 to 1945. The seat of the Japanese colonial government was the <span href="/wiki/Japanese_General_Government_Building%2C_Seoul" title="Japanese General Government Building, Seoul">Japanese General Government Building</span>, completed in 1926.<br /> According to Korean legal thought, <span href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</span> <span href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</span> was not transferred to the <span href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</span> with the forced end of the <span href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</span>, such that the <span href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</span> became the de jure government of the Korean people from 1919 to 1948, and the foreign governors merely exercised <span href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</span> rule for the period.<br /> After the Japanese defeat in World War II Korea came under US and Soviet control. After 1948, power passed to the <span href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</span> and the <span href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</span>.<br /> <img src="http://www.camborne-taekwondo.net/images/diag02.gif" alt="Governor-General of Korea" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <span name="Governors-General" id="Governors-General"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Btweedsmuir2.jpg" alt="Governor-General of Korea" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Residents-General</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Taiwan" title="Governor-General of Taiwan">Governor-General of Taiwan</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Rulers_of_Korea" title="Rulers of Korea">Rulers of Korea</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Korea-related_topics" title="List of Korea-related topics">List of Korea-related topics</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Japanese militarism</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Anti-Japanese sentiment</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dshi-kaimei" title="Sōshi-kaimei">Sōshi-kaimei</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Karafuto" title="Governor-General of Karafuto">Governor-General of Karafuto</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Kwantung" title="Governor-General of Kwantung">Governor-General of Kwantung</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Governor-General_of_South_Pacific_Mandate&action=edit" class="new" title="Governor-General of South Pacific Mandate">Governor-General of South Pacific Mandate</span> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-14219985510129318872008-04-14T09:14:00.000-07:002008-04-14T09:15:34.572-07:00<img src="http://national.atdw.com.au/multimedia/TNSW/o8184.jpg" alt="Siding Spring Observatory" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Siding Spring Observatory</b> near <span href="/wiki/Coonabarabran" title="Coonabarabran">Coonabarabran</span>, <span href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</span>, part of the <span href="/w/index.php?title=Research_School_of_Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics&action=edit" class="new" title="Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics">Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics</span> (RSAA) at the <span href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</span> (ANU), incorporates the <span href="/wiki/Anglo-Australian_Telescope" title="Anglo-Australian Telescope">Anglo-Australian Telescope</span> along with a collection of other telescopes owned by the Australian National University, the University of New South Wales, and other institutions. The observatory is situated 1165 metres or 4000 feet above sea level in the <span href="/wiki/Warrumbungle_National_Park" title="Warrumbungle National Park">Warrumbungle National Park</span> on Mount Woorat also known as <span href="/w/index.php?title=Siding_Spring_Mountain&action=edit" class="new" title="Siding Spring Mountain">Siding Spring Mountain</span>.<br /> There is a visitors gallery and exhibition area open to the public which also incorporates a coffee shop cafe and <span href="/wiki/Souvenir" title="Souvenir">souvenir</span> shop called the <span href="http://www.sidingspringexploratory.com.au/" class="external text" title="http://www.sidingspringexploratory.com.au/" rel="nofollow">Exploratory</span>. This Centre is open Monday to Friday from 9.30 am to 4 pm and weekends and public holidays from 10 am.<br /> <span name="Telescopes_at_Siding_Spring" id="Telescopes_at_Siding_Spring"></span><br /> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-33230658241032425502008-04-13T09:25:00.001-07:002008-04-13T09:25:41.987-07:00<img src="http://www.valuegolfclubs.com/ProductImages/penick.jpg" alt="Harvey Penick" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Harvey Morrison Penick</b> (<span href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</span>, <span href="/wiki/1904" title="1904">1904</span>–<span href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">April 2</span>, <span href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</span>) was a well-known <span href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</span> pro and instructor.<br /> He began his golf career as a caddy at Austin Country Club at age eight. He became the club's assistant pro five years later, and was promoted to head professional in <span href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</span>, a role which he remained in until <span href="/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</span>.<br /> Penick was the Golf Coach at the <span href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas</span> from 1931 - 1963, and coached <span href="/wiki/Tom_Kite" title="Tom Kite">Tom Kite</span>. In 1989 Penick was honored by the <span href="/wiki/PGA_of_America" title="PGA of America">PGA of America</span> as Teacher of the Year. He authored <i>Harvey Penick's Little Red Book</i>, which is the highest selling golf book ever published.<br /> During his final illness, he gave lessons from his deathbed to longtime student <span href="/wiki/Ben_Crenshaw" title="Ben Crenshaw">Ben Crenshaw</span>. The day after serving as a pallbearer at Penick's funeral, Crenshaw played in <span href="/wiki/The_Masters_Tournament" title="The Masters Tournament">The Masters</span>, and wept after sinking the winning putt. In the post-tournament interview, Crenshaw said: "I had a 15th club in my bag," a reference to Penick. (The "15th club" reference is based on the golf rule that limits a player to carrying 14 clubs during a round.)<br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-38475953365283412252008-04-12T08:26:00.001-07:002008-04-12T08:26:25.868-07:00<img src="http://gravyboy.com/BB/images/avatars/21258525444bc292ba7c7b.jpg" alt="List of production topics" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <span name="Finding_related_topics" id="Finding_related_topics"></span><br /> Manufacturing and manufacturing systems<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">Factory</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Craft_production" title="Craft production">Craft production</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/English_system" title="English system">English system</span> of manufacturing<br /> <span href="/wiki/American_system_of_manufacturing" title="American system of manufacturing">American system of manufacturing</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">Mass production</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Batch_production" title="Batch production">Batch production</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Job_production" title="Job production">Job production</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Just_In_Time_%28business%29" title="Just In Time (business)">Just In Time</span> manufacturing<br /> <span href="/wiki/Toyota_Production_System" title="Toyota Production System">Toyota Production System</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lean_production" title="Lean production">Lean production</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing" title="Computer-aided manufacturing">Computer-aided manufacturing</span> (CAM)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Mass_customization" title="Mass customization">Mass customization</span><br /> Theories of production<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Taylorism" title="Taylorism">Taylorism</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Fordism" title="Fordism">Fordism</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Theory_of_Constraints" title="Theory of Constraints">Theory of Constraints</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lean_Manufacturing" title="Lean Manufacturing">Lean Manufacturing</span><br /> Productivity<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">Productivity</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Benchmarking" title="Benchmarking">Benchmarking</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Changeover" title="Changeover">Changeover</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Cost_accounting" title="Cost accounting">Cost accounting</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Experience_curve_effects" title="Experience curve effects">Experience curve effects</span> (learning curve effects)<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Lot_size&action=edit" class="new" title="Lot size">Lot size</span> and run length<br /> <span href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</span><br /> Scheduling and <span href="/wiki/Queuing_theory" title="Queuing theory">queuing theory</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Throughput_accounting" title="Throughput accounting">Throughput accounting</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Time_and_motion_study" title="Time and motion study">Time and motion study</span><br /> Production engineering<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Industrial_and_manufacturing_engineering" title="Industrial and manufacturing engineering">Industrial and manufacturing engineering</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">Reverse engineering</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Value_engineering" title="Value engineering">Value engineering</span><br /> Production technology<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">Assembly line</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial robot</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing" title="Computer-aided manufacturing">Computer-aided manufacturing</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Computer_Integrated_Manufacturing" title="Computer Integrated Manufacturing">Computer Integrated Manufacturing</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Production_equipment_control" title="Production equipment control">Production equipment control</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/CNC" title="CNC">Computer numerically controlled</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Distributed_Control_System" title="Distributed Control System">Distributed Control System</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">Fieldbus</span> control system<br /> <span href="/wiki/PLC" title="PLC">Programmable logic controllers</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt" title="Conveyor belt">Conveyor belt</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Advanced_Planning_%26_Scheduling" title="Advanced Planning & Scheduling">Advanced Planning & Scheduling</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Scheduling_%28production_processes%29" title="Scheduling (production processes)">Scheduling (production processes)</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Machinery" title="Machinery">Machinery</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Woodworking_machine" title="Woodworking machine">Woodworking machinery</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Metalworking_machinery&action=edit" class="new" title="Metalworking machinery">Metalworking machinery</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Textile_machinery" title="Textile machinery">Textile machinery</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Equipment_manufacturer&action=edit" class="new" title="Equipment manufacturer">Equipment manufacturer</span><br /> Process improvement<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Process_%28general%29" title="Process (general)">Process</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Quality" title="Quality">Quality</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">Quality control</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Six_Sigma" title="Six Sigma">Six Sigma</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Total_Quality_Management" title="Total Quality Management">Total Quality Management</span><br /> Certification Processes and Awards<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/ISO_9000" title="ISO 9000">ISO 9000</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Malcolm_Baldrige_National_Quality_Award" title="Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award">Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award</span> (US)<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_Awards_for_Excellence_%28National_Quality_Insitute%29&action=edit" class="new" title="Canada Awards for Excellence (National Quality Insitute)">Canada Awards for Excellence (National Quality Insitute)</span> (Canada)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Deming_Prize" title="Deming Prize">Deming Prize</span> (Japan)<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_M._Juran_Medal&action=edit" class="new" title="Joseph M. Juran Medal">Joseph M. Juran Medal</span> (US)<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Japan_Quality_Control_Medal&action=edit" class="new" title="Japan Quality Control Medal">Japan Quality Control Medal</span> (Japan)<br /> The economics of production<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Production_theory_basics" title="Production theory basics">Production theory basics</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Production%2C_costs%2C_and_pricing" title="Production, costs, and pricing">Production, costs, and pricing</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Production_function" title="Production function">Production function</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Production_possibility_frontier" title="Production possibility frontier">Production possibility frontier</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">Supply chain</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain management</span><br /> Procurement or <span href="/wiki/Purchasing" title="Purchasing">purchasing</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Inventory" title="Inventory">Inventory</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Inventory_management" title="Inventory management">Inventory management</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Economic_order_quantity" title="Economic order quantity">Economic order quantity</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Just_In_Time_%28business%29" title="Just In Time (business)">Just In Time</span><br /> Product design<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Rapid_prototyping" title="Rapid prototyping">Rapid prototyping</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">Computer-aided design</span> (CAD)<br /> <span href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">New product development</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Toolkits_for_user_innovation" title="Toolkits for user innovation">Toolkits for user innovation</span> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-56693278194371941802008-04-11T08:16:00.001-07:002008-04-11T08:16:55.427-07:00<img src="http://www.sfgate.com/blogs/images/sfgate/culture/2005/07/21/charlierose%2520jpeg300x225.jpg" alt="Charlie Rose (talk show)" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <i><b>Charlie Rose</b></i> is an American television interview show, with <span href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose" title="Charlie Rose">Charlie Rose</span> as executive producer, executive editor, and host. The show is syndicated on <span href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</span>. Rose interviews well-known thinkers, writers, politicians, athletes, entertainers, business leaders, scientists, and other newsmakers. Rose sits with his guests in the stillness of his studio, across his trademark round, oak-hewn table and silhouetted against a distinctive, and oft-imitated, inky-black background. A new one-hour episode airs nearly every weeknight. According to its website, only Rose and his guests are allowed in the studio during taping. This is accomplished by the use of robotic cameras.<br /> The show premiered on <span href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">September 30</span>, <span href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</span>. It is presented by <span href="/wiki/WNET" title="WNET">WNET</span>, where it first aired as a local program.<br /> Funding for the show is primarily provided by donations from various corporations and charitable foundations.<br /> In 2007, the video archive of past interviews has been added to the website for free viewing.<br /> <span name="Health_and_use_of_guests_hosts_in_2006" id="Health_and_use_of_guests_hosts_in_2006"></span><br /> <img src="http://newsbusters.org/media/2006-06-19-PBS-Rose-Gore.jpg" alt="Charlie Rose (talk show)" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Guest hosts</b><br /> Guests have included:<br /> <br clear="both" /><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ryan_Adams" title="Ryan Adams">Ryan Adams</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Monsignor_Lorenzo_Albacete&action=edit" class="new" title="Monsignor Lorenzo Albacete">Monsignor Lorenzo Albacete</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Christiane_Amanpour" title="Christiane Amanpour">Christiane Amanpour</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Secretary-General Kofi Annan</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Richard_Armitage" title="Richard Armitage">Richard Armitage</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lance_Armstrong" title="Lance Armstrong">Lance Armstrong</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">President Bashar al-Assad</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">Prime Minister José María Aznar</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Christian_Bale" title="Christian Bale">Christian Bale</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Anne_Bancroft" title="Anne Bancroft">Anne Bancroft</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ellen_Barkin" title="Ellen Barkin">Ellen Barkin</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli" title="Cecilia Bartoli">Cecilia Bartoli</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Juliette_Binoche" title="Juliette Binoche">Juliette Binoche</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson">Sir Richard Branson</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/L._Paul_Bremer" title="L. Paul Bremer">Paul Bremer</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Thierry_Breton" title="Thierry Breton">Thierry Breton</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Tom_Brokaw" title="Tom Brokaw">Tom Brokaw</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley" title="William F. Buckley">William F. Buckley</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/President_George_W._Bush" title="President George W. Bush">President George W. Bush</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jim_Carrey" title="Jim Carrey">Jim Carrey</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">President Jimmy Carter</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Henri_Cartier-Bresson" title="Henri Cartier-Bresson">Henri Cartier-Bresson</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Dick_Cavett" title="Dick Cavett">Dick Cavett</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lynne_Cheney" title="Lynne Cheney">Lynne Cheney</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy" title="Tom Clancy">Tom Clancy</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Hillary_Rodham_Clinton" title="Hillary Rodham Clinton">Hillary Rodham Clinton</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">President William Jefferson Clinton</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Prime Minister Manmohan Singh</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/James_C._Collins" title="James C. Collins">James C. Collins</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/James_Conlon" title="James Conlon">James Conlon</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Anderson_Cooper" title="Anderson Cooper">Anderson Cooper</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Sofia_Coppola" title="Sofia Coppola">Sofia Coppola</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Billy_Corgan" title="Billy Corgan">Billy Corgan</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bob_Costas" title="Bob Costas">Bob Costas</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Michael_Crichton" title="Michael Crichton">Michael Crichton</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Mark_Cuban" title="Mark Cuban">Mark Cuban</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Mario Cuomo</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_Dallaire" title="Roméo Dallaire">Roméo Dallaire</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Claire_Danes" title="Claire Danes">Claire Danes</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Michael_Dell" title="Michael Dell">Michael Dell</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve" title="Catherine Deneuve">Catherine Deneuve</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Johnny_Depp" title="Johnny Depp">Johnny Depp</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Leonardo_Dicaprio" title="Leonardo Dicaprio">Leonardo Dicaprio</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Joan_Didion" title="Joan Didion">Joan Didion</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Florian_Henckel_von_Donnersmarck" title="Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck">Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Maureen_Dowd" title="Maureen Dowd">Maureen Dowd</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Robert_Duvall" title="Robert Duvall">Robert Duvall</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Michael_Eisner" title="Michael Eisner">Michael Eisner</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ahmet_Erteg%C3%BCn" title="Ahmet Ertegün">Ahmet Ertegün</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Prime Minister Laurent Fabius</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Oriana_Fallaci" title="Oriana Fallaci">Oriana Fallaci</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Colin_Firth" title="Colin Firth">Colin Firth</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Renee_Fleming" title="Renee Fleming">Renee Fleming</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Leonie_Frieda" title="Leonie Frieda">Leonie Frieda</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Diane von Fürstenberg">Diane von Fürstenberg</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/John_Eliot_Gardiner" title="John Eliot Gardiner">John Eliot Gardiner</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Janeane_Garofalo" title="Janeane Garofalo">Janeane Garofalo</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Melinda_Gates" title="Melinda Gates">Melinda Gates</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Peter_Gelb" title="Peter Gelb">Peter Gelb</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Valery_Gergiev" title="Valery Gergiev">Valery Gergiev</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/William_Goldman" title="William Goldman">William Goldman</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Andy_Grove" title="Andy Grove">Andy Grove</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/David_Hare" title="David Hare">David Hare</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/David_Hockney" title="David Hockney">David Hockney</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Philip_Seymour_Hoffman" title="Philip Seymour Hoffman">Philip Seymour Hoffman</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Richard Holbrooke</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Sir Anthony Hopkins</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Robert_Hughes_%28critic%29" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Robert Hughes</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert" title="Isabelle Huppert">Isabelle Huppert</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Phil_Jackson" title="Phil Jackson">Phil Jackson</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Magic Johnson</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Walid_Jumblatt" title="Walid Jumblatt">Walid Jumblatt</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ryszard_Kapuscinski" title="Ryszard Kapuscinski">Ryszard Kapuscinski</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Diane_Keaton" title="Diane Keaton">Diane Keaton</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Larry_King" title="Larry King">Larry King</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Joe_Klein" title="Joe Klein">Joe Klein</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bernard-Henri_Levy" title="Bernard-Henri Levy">Bernard-Henri Levy</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld" title="Karl Lagerfeld">Karl Lagerfeld</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lang_Lang_%28pianist%29" title="Lang Lang (pianist)">Lang Lang</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jay_Leno" title="Jay Leno">Jay Leno</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Justine_Levy" title="Justine Levy">Justine Levy</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis" title="Jerry Lewis">Jerry Lewis</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/James_Lipton" title="James Lipton">James Lipton</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lorin_Maazel" title="Lorin Maazel">Lorin Maazel</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Robert_MacNeil" title="Robert MacNeil">Robert MacNeil</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Kurt_Masur" title="Kurt Masur">Kurt Masur</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ian_McEwan" title="Ian McEwan">Ian McEwan</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews" title="Dave Matthews">Dave Matthews</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Sam_Mendes" title="Sam Mendes">Sam Mendes</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Michael Moore</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Bill Moyers</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">President Hosni Mubarak</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">President Pervez Musharraf</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Edward_Norton" title="Edward Norton">Edward Norton</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bill_Nighy" title="Bill Nighy">Bill Nighy</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Haley_Joel_Osment" title="Haley Joel Osment">Haley Joel Osment</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Conan_O%27Brian" title="Conan O'Brian">Conan O'Brian</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_%28commentator%29" title="Bill O'Reilly (commentator)">Bill O'Reilly</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Seiji_Ozawa" title="Seiji Ozawa">Seiji Ozawa</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Camille Paglia</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Robert_M._Parker%2C_Jr." title="Robert M. Parker, Jr.">Robert Parker</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Richard_Perle" title="Richard Perle">Richard Perle</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Perlman" title="Yitzhak Perlman">Yitzhak Perlman</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/George_Plimpton" title="George Plimpton">George Plimpton</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Natalie_Portman" title="Natalie Portman">Natalie Portman</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Secretary Colin Powell</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Andre_Previn" title="Andre Previn">Andre Previn</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Dan Rather</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William H. Rehnquist</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/John_Holmes_%28actor%29" title="John Holmes (actor)">Gideon Richards</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Felix_Rohatyn" title="Felix Rohatyn">Felix Rohatyn</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Isabella_Rossellini" title="Isabella Rossellini">Isabella Rossellini</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Pete_Sampras" title="Pete Sampras">Pete Sampras</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Prince Saud</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Arthur_Schlesinger%2C_Jr." title="Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.">Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Charles_M._Schulz" title="Charles M. Schulz">Charles M. Schulz</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jonathan_Schwartz" title="Jonathan Schwartz">Jonathan Schwartz</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz">George Shultz</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Leonard_Slatkin" title="Leonard Slatkin">Leonard Slatkin</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Liz_Smith_%28journalist%29" title="Liz Smith (journalist)">Liz Smith</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Maggie_Smith" title="Maggie Smith">Maggie Smith</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Zadie_Smith" title="Zadie Smith">Zadie Smith</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Sir Georg Solti</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Aaron_Sorkin" title="Aaron Sorkin">Aaron Sorkin</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Martha_Stewart" title="Martha Stewart">Martha Stewart</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/James_B._Stewart" title="James B. Stewart">James B. Stewart</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Tom_Stoppard" title="Tom Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Kiefer_Sutherland" title="Kiefer Sutherland">Kiefer Sutherland</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Audrey_Tautou" title="Audrey Tautou">Audrey Tautou</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Charlize_Theron" title="Charlize Theron">Charlize Theron</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Michael_Tilson_Thomas" title="Michael Tilson Thomas">Michael Tilson Thomas</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Daniele_Thompson" title="Daniele Thompson">Daniele Thompson</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Robert_Towne" title="Robert Towne">Robert Towne</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Scott_Turow" title="Scott Turow">Scott Turow</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Mario_Van_Peebles" title="Mario Van Peebles">Mario Van Peebles</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Paul_Volcker" title="Paul Volcker">Paul Volcker</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut%2C_Jr." title="Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.">Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Rick_Wagoner" title="Rick Wagoner">Rick Wagoner</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_%28director%29" title="Robert Wilson (director)">Robert Wilson</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon" title="Reese Witherspoon">Reese Witherspoon</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bruce_Wasserstein" title="Bruce Wasserstein">Bruce Wasserstein</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jerry_West" title="Jerry West">Jerry West</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/The_White_Stripes" title="The White Stripes">The White Stripes</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jerry_Yang_%28entrepreneur%29" title="Jerry Yang (entrepreneur)">Jerry Yang</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bryce_Dallas_Howard" title="Bryce Dallas Howard">Bryce Dallas Howard</span> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-74037720788671718382008-04-10T08:00:00.001-07:002008-04-10T08:00:54.702-07:00 <b></b><br /> This is a list of wars and man-made disasters by death toll. Some events overlap categories.<br /> <i>See also: <span href="/wiki/List_of_battles_and_other_violent_events_by_death_toll" title="List of battles and other violent events by death toll">List of battles and other violent events by death toll</span></i><br /> <i>For natural disasters see: <span href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">List of natural disasters by death toll</span></i><br /> <span name="Wars_and_armed_conflicts" id="Wars_and_armed_conflicts"></span><br /> <b> Wars and armed conflicts</b><br /> <i>This section lists campaigns either aimed at or resulting in significant mortality of noncombatants, excluding victims of collateral damage from war.</i><br /> <span name="Genocide" id="Genocide"></span><br /> <b> Noncombatant killings</b><br /> <i>The <span href="/wiki/CPPCG" title="CPPCG">CPPCG</span> defines genocide in part as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group". The following is a list of genocides or alleged genocides that appear in the article <span href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">genocides in history</span></i><br /> <span name="Individual_extermination_camps" id="Individual_extermination_camps"></span><br /> <img src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/7/78/180px-AU_AHS_Centaur_mem.jpg" alt="List of wars and disasters by death toll" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Genocide</b><br /> <span name="Man-made_famines" id="Man-made_famines"></span><br /> 1,000,000-1,400,000 - <span href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec extermination camp</span>, (by <span href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</span>, located in <span href="/wiki/Belzec" title="Belzec">Belzec</span> Poland, 1942-1943)<br /> 350,000 - <span href="/wiki/Majdanek_extermination_camp" title="Majdanek extermination camp">Majdanek extermination camp</span>, (by <span href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</span>, located in <span href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</span> Poland, 1942-1944)<br /> 300,000 - <span href="/wiki/Chelmno_extermination_camp" title="Chelmno extermination camp">Chelmno extermination camp</span>, (by <span href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</span>, located in <span href="/wiki/Chelmno" title="Chelmno">Chelmno</span> Poland, 1941-1943)<br /> 260,000 - <span href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" title="Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibór extermination camp</span>, (by <span href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</span>, located in <span href="/wiki/Sobibor" title="Sobibor">Sobibor</span> Poland, 1942-1943)<br /> 55,000 - <span href="/wiki/Neuengamme" title="Neuengamme">Neuengamme</span> <span href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</span>, (by <span href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</span>, located by <span href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</span>, <span href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</span>, 1938-1945) <b> Man-made famines</b><br /> <i>This section lists tolls from the <u>systematic</u> practice of human sacrifice or suicide. For notable <u>individual</u> episodes, see <span href="/wiki/List_of_battles_and_other_violent_events_by_death_toll#Human_sacrifice_and_mass_suicide" title="List of battles and other violent events by death toll">Human sacrifice and mass sucide</span>.</i><br /> <span name="Footnotes" id="Footnotes"></span><br /> <b> Footnotes</b><br /> <i>Other lists organized by death toll</i><br /> <i>Other lists with similar topics</i><br /> <i>Topics dealing with similar themes</i><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">List of natural disasters by death toll</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_battles_and_other_violent_events_by_death_toll" title="List of battles and other violent events by death toll">List of battles and other violent events by death toll</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of accidents and disasters by death toll">List of accidents and disasters by death toll</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll">List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Most_prolific_murderers_by_number_of_victims" title="Most prolific murderers by number of victims">Most prolific murderers by number of victims</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_wars" title="List of wars">List of wars</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_battles" title="List of battles">List of battles</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_invasions" title="List of invasions">List of invasions</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_massacres" title="List of massacres">List of massacres</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">List of terrorist incidents</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_riots" title="List of riots">List of riots</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_disasters" title="List of disasters">List of disasters</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_historic_fires" title="List of historic fires">List of historic fires</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_famines" title="List of famines">List of famines</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes" title="List of earthquakes">List of earthquakes</span> | <span href="/wiki/List_of_notable_tropical_cyclones" title="List of notable tropical cyclones">List of notable tropical cyclones</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_rail_accidents" title="List of rail accidents">List of rail accidents</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lists_of_accidents_and_incidents_on_commercial_airliners" title="Lists of accidents and incidents on commercial airliners">Lists of accidents and incidents on commercial airliners</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">Mass murder</span> | <span href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</span> | <span href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</span> | <span href="/wiki/Infectious_disease#Mortality_from_infectious_diseases" title="Infectious disease">Infectious diseases</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Genocide_in_history" title="Genocide in history">Genocide in history</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Mass_deaths_and_atrocities_of_the_twentieth_century" title="Mass deaths and atrocities of the twentieth century">Mass deaths and atrocities of the twentieth century</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Most_lethal_battles_in_world_history" title="Most lethal battles in world history">Most lethal battles in world history</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/United_States_casualties_of_war" title="United States casualties of war">United States casualties of war</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Iraq_casualties" title="Invasion and occupation of Iraq casualties">Invasion and occupation of Iraq casualties</span> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-67128842337027398632008-04-09T09:39:00.001-07:002008-04-09T09:39:59.639-07:00<img src="http://www.fabalou.com/Personal/preport/image27.gif" alt="Aleksandr Lyapunov" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Tony Danza</b> (born <b>Anthony Salvatore Iadanza</b> <span href="/wiki/April_21" title="April 21">April 21</span>, <span href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</span> in <span href="/wiki/Brooklyn%2C_New_York" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</span>), is an American <span href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actor</span> best known for starring in two popular TV series, <i><span href="/wiki/Taxi_%28TV_series%29" title="Taxi (TV series)">Taxi</span></i> and <i><span href="/wiki/Who%27s_the_Boss%3F" title="Who's the Boss?">Who's the Boss?</span></i>, as well as appearing in the <span href="/wiki/Academy_Award" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</span>-winning motion picture, <i><span href="/wiki/Crash_%282005_film%29" title="Crash (2005 film)">Crash</span></i>. He also hosted his own talk show, <i><span href="/wiki/The_Tony_Danza_Show" title="The Tony Danza Show">The Tony Danza Show</span></i>.<br /> <span name="Acting_career" id="Acting_career"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.microscope-depot.com/pr/danzashow/danza_pic012-2.jpg" alt="Tony Danza" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Filmography</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Taxi_%28TV_series%29" title="Taxi (TV series)">Taxi</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1978_in_television" title="1978 in television">1978</span>) (series) ... Tony Banta<br /> <i><span href="/w/index.php?title=Murder_Can_Hurt_You&action=edit" class="new" title="Murder Can Hurt You">Murder Can Hurt You</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1980_in_television" title="1980 in television">1980</span>) ... Pony Lambretta<br /> <i><span href="/w/index.php?title=Single_Bars%2C_Single_Women&action=edit" class="new" title="Single Bars, Single Women">Single Bars, Single Women</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1984_in_television" title="1984 in television">1984</span>) ... Dennis<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Who%27s_the_Boss%3F" title="Who's the Boss?">Who's the Boss?</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1984_in_television" title="1984 in television">1984</span>) (series) ... Tony Micelli<br /> <i><span href="/w/index.php?title=Doing_Life&action=edit" class="new" title="Doing Life">Doing Life</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1986_in_television" title="1986 in television">1986</span>) ... Jerry Rosenberg<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Freedom_Fighter" title="Freedom Fighter">Freedom Fighter</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1988_in_television" title="1988 in television">1988</span>) ... Vic Ross<br /> <i><span href="/w/index.php?title=The_Whereabouts_of_Jenny&action=edit" class="new" title="The Whereabouts of Jenny">The Whereabouts of Jenny</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1991_in_television" title="1991 in television">1991</span>) ... Rowdy Patron<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Baby_Talk" title="Baby Talk">Baby Talk</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1991_in_television" title="1991 in television">1991</span>) (series) (voice) ... Baby Mickey Campbell<br /> <i><span href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_and_Alive:_The_Race_for_Gus_Farace&action=edit" class="new" title="Dead and Alive: The Race for Gus Farace">Dead and Alive: The Race for Gus Farace</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1991_in_television" title="1991 in television">1991</span>) ... <span href="/wiki/Constible_Farace" title="Constible Farace">Constible Farace</span><br /> <i><span href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mighty_Jungle&action=edit" class="new" title="The Mighty Jungle">The Mighty Jungle</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1994_in_television" title="1994 in television">1994</span>) (series) (voice) ... Vinnie, the Alligator<br /> <i><span href="/w/index.php?title=Deadly_Whispers&action=edit" class="new" title="Deadly Whispers">Deadly Whispers</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1995_in_television" title="1995 in television">1995</span>) ... Tom Acton<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Hudson_Street" title="Hudson Street">Hudson Street</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1995_in_television" title="1995 in television">1995</span>) (series) ... Tony Canetti<br /> <i><span href="/w/index.php?title=Sinatra:_80_Years_My_Way&action=edit" class="new" title="Sinatra: 80 Years My Way">Sinatra: 80 Years My Way</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1995_in_television" title="1995 in television">1995</span>) ... Cameo<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Freakazoid%21" title="Freakazoid!">Freakazoid!</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</span>) ... Cameo Reference<br /> <i><span href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Hope:_Laughing_with_the_Presidents&action=edit" class="new" title="Bob Hope: Laughing with the Presidents">Bob Hope: Laughing with the Presidents</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1996_in_television" title="1996 in television">1996</span>) ... Co-host<br /> <i><span href="/w/index.php?title=North_Shore_Fish&action=edit" class="new" title="North Shore Fish">North Shore Fish</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1996_in_television" title="1996 in television">1996</span>) ... Sal<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/12_Angry_Men_%281997_film%29" title="12 Angry Men (1997 film)">12 Angry Men</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1997_in_television" title="1997 in television">1997</span>) ... Juror #7<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/The_Tony_Danza_Show" title="The Tony Danza Show">The Tony Danza Show</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1997_in_television" title="1997 in television">1997</span>) (series) ... Tony DiMeo<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/The_Garbage_Picking_Field_Goal_Kicking_Philadelphia_Phenomenon" title="The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon">The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1998_in_television" title="1998 in television">1998</span>) ... Barney Gorman<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Noah_%28film%29" title="Noah (film)">Noah</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1998_in_television" title="1998 in television">1998</span>) ... Norman Waters<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/The_Practice" title="The Practice">The Practice</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1999_in_television" title="1999 in television">1999</span>)<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Family_Law_%28TV_series%29" title="Family Law (TV series)">Family Law</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/2000_in_television" title="2000 in television">2000</span>) ... Joe Celano<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Miss_America" title="Miss America">Miss America</span> Pageant</i> (<span href="/wiki/2001_in_television" title="2001 in television">2001</span>) ... Host<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/The_Tony_Danza_Show" title="The Tony Danza Show">The Tony Danza Show</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/2004_in_television" title="2004 in television">2004</span> – <span href="/wiki/2006_in_television" title="2006 in television">2006</span>) (talk show) ... Host<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/All_My_Children" title="All My Children">All My Children</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</span>) (guest) ... Hotel Mgr. yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7722031722469026219.post-58866577612745458642008-04-08T08:15:00.001-07:002008-04-08T08:15:13.250-07:00<img src="http://www.ship-technology.com/projects/frank/images/frank7s.jpg" alt="VLCC" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">Merchant ship</span></i> yummy255http://www.blogger.com/profile/12160106112470801058noreply@blogger.com0